提交

.gitignore

@@ -23,3 +23,6 @@ Thumbs.db
 
 # 排除竞赛平台配置文件
 .cph/
+
+# 排除练习题目相关文件
+.exercise/

.vscode/c_cpp_properties.json

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
         "UNICODE",
         "_UNICODE"
       ],
-      "compilerPath": "D:/Program Files/mingw64/bin/gcc.exe",
+      "compilerPath": "D:/settings/mingw64/bin/gcc.exe",
       "cStandard": "c17",
       "cppStandard": "c++17",
       "intelliSenseMode": "windows-gcc-x64",

.vscode/launch.json

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
       "args": [],
       "stopAtEntry": false,
       "externalConsole": true,
-      "cwd": "d:/Code/C_code/数据结构/陈越数据结构",
-      "program": "d:/Code/C_code/数据结构/陈越数据结构/build/Debug/outDebug",
+      "cwd": "d:/Code/C_code/exercise",
+      "program": "d:/Code/C_code/exercise/build/Debug/outDebug",
       "MIMode": "gdb",
       "miDebuggerPath": "gdb",
       "setupCommands": [

.vscode/tasks.json

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
             {
                 "type": "shell",
                 "label": "C/C++: gcc.exe 生成活动文件",
-                "command": "D:\\Program Files\\mingw64\\bin\\gcc.exe",
+                "command": "D:\\settings\\mingw64\\bin\\gcc.exe",
                 "args":
                     [
                         "-fdiagnostics-color=always",

README.md

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 ## 项目简介
 这是一个完整的C语言学习代码库，包含了从基础语法到高级项目的全面学习内容。代码库涵盖了翁凯老师C语言课程的所有章节练习、课堂代码实践以及完整的项目实战。
 
+### 仓库地址
+- GitHub仓库为：https://github.com/LHY0125/Learn_C.git
+
 ## 项目结构
 
 ### 📚 翁凯C语言/ - 系统化学习路径

exercise/exercise/1.c

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#endif
+
+#define MAX_SIZE 1000
+
+// 栈结构用于存储数字
+typedef struct
+{
+    int data[MAX_SIZE];
+    int top;
+} Stack;
+
+// 初始化栈
+void initStack(Stack *s)
+{
+    s->top = -1;
+}
+
+// 判断栈是否为空
+int isEmpty(Stack *s)
+{
+    return s->top == -1;
+}
+
+// 入栈
+void push(Stack *s, int value)
+{
+    if (s->top < MAX_SIZE - 1)
+    {
+        s->data[++s->top] = value;
+    }
+}
+
+// 出栈
+int pop(Stack *s)
+{
+    if (!isEmpty(s))
+    {
+        return s->data[s->top--];
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// 获取栈顶元素
+int peek(Stack *s)
+{
+    if (!isEmpty(s))
+    {
+        return s->data[s->top];
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// 判断运算符优先级
+int precedence(char op)
+{
+    if (op == '+' || op == '-')
+        return 1;
+    if (op == '*' || op == '/')
+        return 2;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// 执行运算
+int calculate(int a, int b, char op)
+{
+    switch (op)
+    {
+    case '+':
+        return a + b;
+    case '-':
+        return a - b;
+    case '*':
+        return a * b;
+    case '/':
+        return a / b;
+    default:
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+// 计算表达式
+int evaluateExpression(char *expression)
+{
+    Stack numbers;
+    Stack operators;
+    initStack(&numbers);
+    initStack(&operators);
+
+    int len = strlen(expression);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+    {
+        // 跳过空格
+        if (expression[i] == ' ')
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // 如果是数字
+        if (isdigit(expression[i]))
+        {
+            int num = 0;
+            // 读取完整的数字
+            while (i < len && isdigit(expression[i]))
+            {
+                num = num * 10 + (expression[i] - '0');
+                i++;
+            }
+            i--; // 回退一位，因为for循环会自动增加
+            push(&numbers, num);
+        }
+        // 如果是运算符
+        else if (expression[i] == '+' || expression[i] == '-' ||
+                 expression[i] == '*' || expression[i] == '/')
+        {
+
+            // 处理运算符优先级
+            while (!isEmpty(&operators) &&
+                   precedence((char)peek(&operators)) >= precedence(expression[i]))
+            {
+                int b = pop(&numbers);
+                int a = pop(&numbers);
+                char op = (char)pop(&operators);
+                push(&numbers, calculate(a, b, op));
+            }
+            push(&operators, expression[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 处理剩余的运算符
+    while (!isEmpty(&operators))
+    {
+        int b = pop(&numbers);
+        int a = pop(&numbers);
+        char op = (char)pop(&operators);
+        push(&numbers, calculate(a, b, op));
+    }
+
+    return pop(&numbers);
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8,防止中文乱码
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul"); // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);  // 设置控制台输出编码
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);        // 设置控制台输入编码
+    _mkdir("records");
+#endif
+
+    char expression[MAX_SIZE];
+
+    // 读取表达式
+    if (fgets(expression, sizeof(expression), stdin) != NULL)
+    {
+        // 去除换行符
+        int len = strlen(expression);
+        if (len > 0 && expression[len - 1] == '\n')
+        {
+            expression[len - 1] = '\0';
+        }
+
+        // 计算并输出结果
+        int result = evaluateExpression(expression);
+        printf("%d\n", result);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/10.c

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#define MAX_SIZE 10002
+
+// 栈结构
+typedef struct
+{
+    char data[MAX_SIZE];
+    int top;
+} Stack;
+
+// 初始化栈
+void initStack(Stack *s)
+{
+    s->top = -1;
+}
+
+// 判断栈是否为空
+bool isEmpty(Stack *s)
+{
+    return s->top == -1;
+}
+
+// 判断栈是否已满
+bool isFull(Stack *s)
+{
+    return s->top == MAX_SIZE - 1;
+}
+
+// 入栈
+bool push(Stack *s, char item)
+{
+    if (isFull(s))
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    s->data[++s->top] = item;
+    return true;
+}
+
+// 出栈
+bool pop(Stack *s, char *item)
+{
+    if (isEmpty(s))
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    *item = s->data[s->top--];
+    return true;
+}
+
+// 判断字符是否为左括号
+bool isLeftBracket(char c)
+{
+    return c == '(' || c == '[' || c == '{';
+}
+
+// 判断字符是否为右括号
+bool isRightBracket(char c)
+{
+    return c == ')' || c == ']' || c == '}';
+}
+
+// 判断左右括号是否匹配
+bool isMatching(char left, char right)
+{
+    return (left == '(' && right == ')') ||
+           (left == '[' && right == ']') ||
+           (left == '{' && right == '}');
+}
+
+// 括号匹配验证函数
+bool isValidBrackets(char *s)
+{
+    Stack stack;
+    initStack(&stack);
+
+    int len = strlen(s);
+
+    // 空字符串返回true
+    if (len == 0)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+    {
+        char current = s[i];
+
+        // 如果是左括号，入栈
+        if (isLeftBracket(current))
+        {
+            if (!push(&stack, current))
+            {
+                // 栈满，返回false
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // 如果是右括号，检查匹配
+        else if (isRightBracket(current))
+        {
+            // 栈为空，说明没有对应的左括号
+            if (isEmpty(&stack))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            char top;
+            pop(&stack, &top);
+
+            // 检查是否匹配
+            if (!isMatching(top, current))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // 根据题目描述，输入只包含括号字符，不应该有其他字符
+    }
+
+    // 最后栈应该为空，表示所有括号都已匹配
+    return isEmpty(&stack);
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    char s[MAX_SIZE];
+
+    // 读取输入字符串
+    if (fgets(s, sizeof(s), stdin) != NULL)
+    {
+        // 去除换行符
+        int len = strlen(s);
+        if (len > 0 && s[len - 1] == '\n')
+        {
+            s[len - 1] = '\0';
+        }
+
+        // 验证括号匹配并输出结果
+        if (isValidBrackets(s))
+        {
+            printf("true\n");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            printf("false\n");
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // 如果读取失败，输出false
+        printf("false\n");
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/100.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef long long ll;
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    int a, b; if (scanf("%d %d", &a, &b) != 2) return 0;
+    int *val = (int*)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) scanf("%d", &val[i]);
+    ll *dp = (ll*)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(ll));
+    for (int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) dp[i] = (ll)4e18;
+    dp[0] = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i){
+        int mn = val[i], mx = val[i];
+        for (int j = i; j >= 1; --j){
+            if (val[j] < mn) mn = val[j];
+            if (val[j] > mx) mx = val[j];
+            ll cost = dp[j-1] + (ll)a + (ll)b * (ll)(mx - mn) * (ll)(mx - mn);
+            if (cost < dp[i]) dp[i] = cost;
+        }
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", dp[n]);
+    free(dp); free(val);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/101.c

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long long ull;
+
+typedef struct { ull l, r; } Interval;
+
+static int cmpL(const void *a, const void *b){
+    const Interval *x = (const Interval*)a;
+    const Interval *y = (const Interval*)b;
+    if (x->l < y->l) return -1;
+    if (x->l > y->l) return 1;
+    if (x->r < y->r) return -1;
+    if (x->r > y->r) return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    size_t cap = 1 << 16;
+    size_t n = 0;
+    Interval *arr = (Interval*)malloc(cap * sizeof(Interval));
+    ull A, B;
+    while (scanf("%llu %llu", &A, &B) == 2){
+        if (n == cap){
+            cap <<= 1;
+            Interval *tmp = (Interval*)realloc(arr, cap * sizeof(Interval));
+            if (!tmp){ free(arr); return 0; }
+            arr = tmp;
+        }
+        ull l = A < B ? A : B;
+        ull r = A > B ? A : B;
+        arr[n].l = l;
+        arr[n].r = r;
+        ++n;
+    }
+    if (n < 2){
+        printf("0\n");
+        free(arr);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    qsort(arr, n, sizeof(Interval), cmpL);
+    ull ans = 0ULL;
+    ull max_r_prev = arr[0].r;
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < n; ++i){
+        ull l = arr[i].l;
+        ull r = arr[i].r;
+        ull M = r < max_r_prev ? r : max_r_prev;
+        if (M >= l){
+            ull len = M - l + 1ULL;
+            if (len > ans) ans = len;
+        }
+        if (r > max_r_prev) max_r_prev = r;
+    }
+    printf("%llu\n", ans);
+    free(arr);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/102.c

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long long ull;
+
+static char* dupstr(const char* s){ size_t len = strlen(s); char* p = (char*)malloc(len + 1); memcpy(p, s, len + 1); return p; }
+
+typedef struct {
+    char **keys;
+    char **vals;
+    unsigned char *used;
+    size_t cap;
+} Map;
+
+static ull fnv1a(const char *s){
+    ull h = 1469598103934665603ULL;
+    while (*s){ h ^= (unsigned char)(*s++); h *= 1099511628211ULL; }
+    return h;
+}
+
+static void map_init(Map *m, size_t n){ size_t c = 1; while (c < (n << 1)) c <<= 1; m->cap = c; m->keys = (char**)calloc(c, sizeof(char*)); m->vals = (char**)calloc(c, sizeof(char*)); m->used = (unsigned char*)calloc(c, 1); }
+
+static void map_put(Map *m, const char *k, const char *v){ size_t mask = m->cap - 1; size_t i = (size_t)(fnv1a(k) & mask); for (;;){ if (!m->used[i]){ m->used[i] = 1; m->keys[i] = dupstr(k); m->vals[i] = dupstr(v); return; } if (strcmp(m->keys[i], k) == 0){ free(m->vals[i]); m->vals[i] = dupstr(v); return; } i = (i + 1) & mask; } }
+
+static const char* map_get(Map *m, const char *k){ size_t mask = m->cap - 1; size_t i = (size_t)(fnv1a(k) & mask); for (;;){ if (!m->used[i]) return NULL; if (strcmp(m->keys[i], k) == 0) return m->vals[i]; i = (i + 1) & mask; } }
+
+static void map_free(Map *m){ for (size_t i = 0; i < m->cap; ++i){ if (m->used[i]){ free(m->keys[i]); free(m->vals[i]); } } free(m->used); free(m->keys); free(m->vals); }
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int M; if (scanf("%d", &M) != 1) return 0;
+    Map mp; map_init(&mp, (size_t)(M > 0 ? M : 1));
+    char s1[4096], s2[4096];
+    for (int i = 0; i < M; ++i){ if (scanf("%4095s %4095s", s1, s2) != 2) return 0; map_put(&mp, s1, s2); }
+    int L; if (scanf("%d", &L) != 1){ map_free(&mp); return 0; }
+    int ch; do { ch = getchar(); } while (ch != '\n' && ch != EOF);
+    char *line = NULL; size_t bufcap = 0; ssize_t linelen;
+    for (int li = 0; li < L; ++li){
+        size_t len = 0; bufcap = 4096; line = (char*)malloc(bufcap);
+        int c;
+        while ((c = getchar()) != EOF && c != '\n'){
+            if (len + 1 >= bufcap){ bufcap <<= 1; line = (char*)realloc(line, bufcap); }
+            line[len++] = (char)c;
+        }
+        line[len] = '\0';
+        char *out = (char*)malloc(len * 2 + 16);
+        size_t outlen = 0;
+        const char *p = line;
+        while (*p){
+            while (*p && (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t' || *p == '\r')) ++p;
+            if (!*p) break;
+            const char *q = p;
+            while (*q && *q != ' ' && *q != '\t' && *q != '\r') ++q;
+            size_t toklen = (size_t)(q - p);
+            char *tok = (char*)malloc(toklen + 1);
+            memcpy(tok, p, toklen); tok[toklen] = '\0';
+            const char *rep = map_get(&mp, tok);
+            const char *emit = rep ? rep : tok;
+            size_t emitlen = strlen(emit);
+            if (outlen) out[outlen++] = ' ';
+            if (outlen + emitlen + 1 >= bufcap){ size_t need = outlen + emitlen + 1; size_t nc = bufcap; while (nc < need) nc <<= 1; out = (char*)realloc(out, nc); bufcap = nc; }
+            memcpy(out + outlen, emit, emitlen); outlen += emitlen; out[outlen] = '\0';
+            free(tok);
+            p = q;
+        }
+        printf("%s\n", out);
+        free(out);
+        free(line);
+        if (c == EOF) break;
+    }
+    map_free(&mp);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/103.c

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long long ull;
+
+static char* dupstr(const char* s){ size_t len = strlen(s); char* p = (char*)malloc(len + 1); memcpy(p, s, len + 1); return p; }
+
+typedef struct {
+    char **keys;
+    int *cnt;
+    unsigned char *used;
+    size_t cap;
+} MapC;
+
+static ull fnv1a(const char *s){ ull h = 1469598103934665603ULL; while (*s){ h ^= (unsigned char)(*s++); h *= 1099511628211ULL; } return h; }
+
+static void map_init(MapC *m, size_t n){ size_t c = 1; while (c < (n << 1)) c <<= 1; m->cap = c; m->keys = (char**)calloc(c, sizeof(char*)); m->cnt = (int*)calloc(c, sizeof(int)); m->used = (unsigned char*)calloc(c, 1); }
+
+static void map_inc(MapC *m, const char *k){ size_t mask = m->cap - 1; size_t i = (size_t)(fnv1a(k) & mask); for (;;){ if (!m->used[i]){ m->used[i] = 1; m->keys[i] = dupstr(k); m->cnt[i] = 1; return; } if (strcmp(m->keys[i], k) == 0){ ++m->cnt[i]; return; } i = (i + 1) & mask; } }
+
+static int map_get_cnt(MapC *m, const char *k){ size_t mask = m->cap - 1; size_t i = (size_t)(fnv1a(k) & mask); for (;;){ if (!m->used[i]) return 0; if (strcmp(m->keys[i], k) == 0) return m->cnt[i]; i = (i + 1) & mask; } }
+
+static void map_free(MapC *m){ for (size_t i = 0; i < m->cap; ++i){ if (m->used[i]) free(m->keys[i]); } free(m->used); free(m->cnt); free(m->keys); }
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int N; if (scanf("%d", &N) != 1) return 0;
+    MapC mp; map_init(&mp, (size_t)(N > 0 ? N : 1));
+    char **tks = (char**)malloc((size_t)N * sizeof(char*));
+    char buf[4096];
+    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i){ if (scanf("%4095s", buf) != 1){ N = i; break; } tks[i] = dupstr(buf); map_inc(&mp, tks[i]); }
+    int minc = 0x7fffffff; for (size_t i = 0; i < mp.cap; ++i){ if (mp.used[i]){ if (mp.cnt[i] < minc) minc = mp.cnt[i]; } }
+    int first = 1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i){ int c = map_get_cnt(&mp, tks[i]); if (c != minc){ if (!first) putchar(' '); first = 0; fputs(tks[i], stdout); } }
+    putchar('\n');
+    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) free(tks[i]);
+    free(tks);
+    map_free(&mp);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/104.c

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+static int M;
+
+static int imin(int a, int b){ return a < b ? a : b; }
+static int imax(int a, int b){ return a > b ? a : b; }
+
+static int S;
+static int *col;
+static int *cnt;
+static int *memo;
+
+static int idx(int l, int r, int k){ return ((l - 1) * S + (r - 1)) * M + k; }
+
+static int F(int l, int r, int k){
+    if (k >= M) k = M - 1;
+    int id = idx(l, r, k);
+    int v = memo[id];
+    if (v != -1) return v;
+    if (l == r){
+        int L = cnt[r] + k;
+        v = (L >= M) ? 0 : (M - L);
+        memo[id] = v;
+        return v;
+    }
+    int need = cnt[r] + k;
+    int best = F(l, r - 1, 0) + ((need >= M) ? 0 : (M - need));
+    for (int i = l; i <= r - 1; ++i){
+        if (col[i] == col[r]){
+            int nk = cnt[r] + k;
+            if (nk >= M) nk = M - 1;
+            int cand = F(l, i, nk) + F(i + 1, r - 1, 0);
+            if (cand < best) best = cand;
+        }
+    }
+    memo[id] = best;
+    return best;
+}
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    char s[256];
+    while (scanf("%d", &M) == 1){
+        if (scanf("%255s", s) != 1) break;
+        int n = (int)strlen(s);
+        col = (int*)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+        cnt = (int*)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+        S = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n;){
+            int j = i;
+            while (j < n && s[j] == s[i]) ++j;
+            col[++S] = (int)s[i];
+            cnt[S] = j - i;
+            i = j;
+        }
+        memo = (int*)malloc((size_t)S * (size_t)S * (size_t)M * sizeof(int));
+        for (int i = 0; i < S * S * M; ++i) memo[i] = -1;
+        int ans = F(1, S, 0);
+        printf("%d\n", ans);
+        free(memo); free(cnt); free(col);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/105.c

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef long long ll;
+
+typedef struct { ll x; ll a; } Item;
+
+static int cmp_item(const void *p, const void *q){
+    const Item *A = (const Item*)p;
+    const Item *B = (const Item*)q;
+    if (A->x < B->x) return -1;
+    if (A->x > B->x) return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int upper_less_ll(const ll *arr, int n, ll key){
+    int l = 1, r = n, ans = 0;
+    while (l <= r){
+        int m = (l + r) >> 1;
+        if (arr[m] < key){ ans = m; l = m + 1; }
+        else r = m - 1;
+    }
+    return ans;
+}
+
+typedef struct { int val; int idx; } Node;
+
+static Node *seg;
+static int N;
+
+static Node merge(Node a, Node b){
+    if (a.val >= b.val) return a; else return b;
+}
+
+static void build(int p, int l, int r, const int *R){
+    if (l == r){ seg[p].val = R[l]; seg[p].idx = l; return; }
+    int m = (l + r) >> 1;
+    build(p<<1, l, m, R);
+    build(p<<1|1, m+1, r, R);
+    seg[p] = merge(seg[p<<1], seg[p<<1|1]);
+}
+
+static Node query(int p, int l, int r, int ql, int qr){
+    if (ql <= l && r <= qr) return seg[p];
+    int m = (l + r) >> 1;
+    if (qr <= m) return query(p<<1, l, m, ql, qr);
+    if (ql > m) return query(p<<1|1, m+1, r, ql, qr);
+    Node a = query(p<<1, l, m, ql, qr);
+    Node b = query(p<<1|1, m+1, r, ql, qr);
+    return merge(a, b);
+}
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    Item *arr = (Item*)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(Item));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i){ ll xi, ai; scanf("%lld %lld", &xi, &ai); arr[i].x = xi; arr[i].a = ai; }
+    qsort(arr + 1, n, sizeof(Item), cmp_item);
+    ll *xs = (ll*)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(ll));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) xs[i] = arr[i].x;
+    int *R = (int*)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i){ ll key = arr[i].x + arr[i].a; R[i] = upper_less_ll(xs, n, key); }
+    N = n; seg = (Node*)malloc((size_t)(4 * N + 8) * sizeof(Node));
+    build(1, 1, N, R);
+    int *E = (int*)calloc((size_t)(n + 2), sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i){
+        int t = i;
+        int stsz = 0;
+        int *stack = (int*)malloc((size_t)(n - i + 2) * sizeof(int));
+        while (E[t] == 0){
+            int rt = R[t];
+            Node nd = query(1, 1, N, t, rt);
+            if (nd.val == rt){ E[t] = rt + 1; break; }
+            stack[stsz++] = t;
+            t = nd.idx;
+        }
+        int res = E[t];
+        while (stsz){ E[stack[--stsz]] = res; }
+        free(stack);
+    }
+    const int MOD = 998244353;
+    int *dp = (int*)calloc((size_t)(n + 2), sizeof(int));
+    dp[n+1] = 1;
+    for (int i = n; i >= 1; --i){
+        int a1 = dp[i+1];
+        int a2 = dp[E[i]];
+        int s = a1 + a2; if (s >= MOD) s -= MOD;
+        dp[i] = s;
+    }
+    printf("%d\n", dp[1]);
+    free(dp); free(E); free(seg); free(R); free(xs); free(arr);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/106.c

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef struct { int to, next; } Edge;
+
+static int *head;
+static Edge *edges;
+static int ecnt;
+
+static void add_edge(int u, int v){ edges[ecnt].to = v; edges[ecnt].next = head[u]; head[u] = ecnt++; }
+
+static int cmp_desc(const void *a, const void *b){ int x = *(const int*)a, y = *(const int*)b; return y - x; }
+
+static int dfs(int u, int p){
+    int cnt = 0;
+    for (int e = head[u]; e != -1; e = edges[e].next){ int v = edges[e].to; if (v == p) continue; ++cnt; }
+    if (cnt == 0) return 0;
+    int *ts = (int*)malloc((size_t)cnt * sizeof(int));
+    int k = 0;
+    for (int e = head[u]; e != -1; e = edges[e].next){ int v = edges[e].to; if (v == p) continue; ts[k++] = dfs(v, u); }
+    qsort(ts, (size_t)cnt, sizeof(int), cmp_desc);
+    int best = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i){ int t = 1 + i + ts[i]; if (t > best) best = t; }
+    free(ts);
+    return best;
+}
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int N; if (scanf("%d", &N) != 1) return 0;
+    head = (int*)malloc(((size_t)N + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= N; ++i) head[i] = -1;
+    edges = (Edge*)malloc((size_t)(2 * (N - 1)) * sizeof(Edge));
+    ecnt = 0;
+    for (int i = 2; i <= N; ++i){ int p; scanf("%d", &p); add_edge(i, p); add_edge(p, i); }
+    int *times = (int*)malloc(((size_t)N + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int best = 1 << 30;
+    for (int s = 1; s <= N; ++s){ int t = dfs(s, 0) + 1; times[s] = t; if (t < best) best = t; }
+    printf("%d\n", best);
+    int first = 1;
+    for (int s = 1; s <= N; ++s){ if (times[s] == best){ if (!first) putchar(' '); first = 0; printf("%d", s); } }
+    putchar('\n');
+    free(times); free(edges); free(head);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/107.c

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef struct { int to, next; } Edge;
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    int m = n - 1;
+    int *head = (int*)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) head[i] = -1;
+    Edge *edges = (Edge*)malloc((size_t)(2 * m) * sizeof(Edge));
+    int ecnt = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i){ int x, y; scanf("%d %d", &x, &y); edges[ecnt] = (Edge){ y, head[x] }; head[x] = ecnt++; edges[ecnt] = (Edge){ x, head[y] }; head[y] = ecnt++; }
+    int *parent = (int*)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *iter = (int*)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    char *vis = (char*)calloc((size_t)n + 1, 1);
+    int *order = (int*)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(int));
+    int *stk = (int*)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(int));
+    int top = -1, ord = 0;
+    parent[1] = 0; iter[1] = head[1]; vis[1] = 1; stk[++top] = 1;
+    while (top >= 0){
+        int u = stk[top];
+        int e = iter[u];
+        if (e != -1){
+            iter[u] = edges[e].next;
+            int v = edges[e].to;
+            if (v == parent[u]) continue;
+            if (!vis[v]){ vis[v] = 1; parent[v] = u; iter[v] = head[v]; stk[++top] = v; }
+        } else {
+            order[ord++] = u; --top;
+        }
+    }
+    int *dp0 = (int*)calloc((size_t)n + 1, sizeof(int));
+    int *dp1 = (int*)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    const int NEG = -1000000000;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) dp1[i] = NEG;
+    for (int t = 0; t < ord; ++t){
+        int u = order[t];
+        int base = 0;
+        for (int e = head[u]; e != -1; e = edges[e].next){ int v = edges[e].to; if (v == parent[u]) continue; int mv = dp0[v] > dp1[v] ? dp0[v] : dp1[v]; base += mv; }
+        dp0[u] = base;
+        int best = NEG;
+        for (int e = head[u]; e != -1; e = edges[e].next){ int v = edges[e].to; if (v == parent[u]) continue; int mv = dp0[v] > dp1[v] ? dp0[v] : dp1[v]; int cand = base - mv + dp0[v] + 1; if (cand > best) best = cand; }
+        dp1[u] = best;
+    }
+    int ans = dp0[1] > dp1[1] ? dp0[1] : dp1[1];
+    printf("%d\n", ans);
+    free(dp1); free(dp0); free(stk); free(order); free(vis); free(iter); free(parent); free(edges); free(head);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/108.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i){ int x, y; scanf("%d %d", &x, &y); }
+    if ((n & 1) == 1) puts("YES"); else puts("NO");
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/109.c

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef struct { int to, next; } Edge;
+
+static int *head;
+static Edge *edges;
+static int ecnt;
+
+static void add_edge(int u, int v){ edges[ecnt].to = v; edges[ecnt].next = head[u]; head[u] = ecnt++; }
+
+static int cmp_desc(const void *a, const void *b){ int x = *(const int*)a, y = *(const int*)b; return y - x; }
+
+static int dfs(int u, int p){
+    int cnt = 0;
+    for (int e = head[u]; e != -1; e = edges[e].next){ int v = edges[e].to; if (v == p) continue; ++cnt; }
+    if (cnt == 0) return 0;
+    int *ts = (int*)malloc((size_t)cnt * sizeof(int));
+    int k = 0;
+    for (int e = head[u]; e != -1; e = edges[e].next){ int v = edges[e].to; if (v == p) continue; ts[k++] = dfs(v, u); }
+    qsort(ts, (size_t)cnt, sizeof(int), cmp_desc);
+    int best = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i){ int t = 1 + i + ts[i]; if (t > best) best = t; }
+    free(ts);
+    return best;
+}
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int N; if (scanf("%d", &N) != 1) return 0;
+    head = (int*)malloc(((size_t)N + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= N; ++i) head[i] = -1;
+    edges = (Edge*)malloc((size_t)(2 * (N - 1)) * sizeof(Edge));
+    ecnt = 0;
+    for (int i = 2; i <= N; ++i){ int p; scanf("%d", &p); add_edge(i, p); add_edge(p, i); }
+    int *times = (int*)malloc(((size_t)N + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int best = 1 << 30;
+    for (int s = 1; s <= N; ++s){ int t = dfs(s, 0) + 1; times[s] = t; if (t < best) best = t; }
+    printf("%d\n", best);
+    int first = 1;
+    for (int s = 1; s <= N; ++s){ if (times[s] == best){ if (!first) putchar(' '); first = 0; printf("%d", s); } }
+    putchar('\n');
+    free(times); free(edges); free(head);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/11.c

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#endif
+
+#define NUM_COUNT 10000
+#define INPUT_FILE "random_numbers.txt"
+#define OUTPUT_FILE "sorted_numbers.txt"
+
+/* 选择排序函数 */
+void SelectSort(int arr[], int n)
+{
+    int i, j, minIndex, temp;
+    for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
+    {
+        // 假设当前索引i的元素为最小值
+        minIndex = i; 
+        for (j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
+        {
+            // 在未排序部分查找更小元素
+            if (arr[j] < arr[minIndex])
+            {
+                // 更新最小值的索引
+                minIndex = j;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 将找到的最小值与当前位置交换
+        if (minIndex != i)
+        {
+            temp = arr[i];
+            arr[i] = arr[minIndex];
+            arr[minIndex] = temp;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* 生成随机数并写入文件 */
+void MakeRandomNumber(const char *filename)
+{
+    FILE *file = fopen(filename, "w");
+    if (file == NULL)
+    {
+        printf("错误：无法创建文件 %s\n", filename);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    // 初始化随机数种子
+    srand((unsigned int)time(NULL)); 
+    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_COUNT; i++)
+    {
+        // 生成0-99999范围内的随机数
+        fprintf(file, "%d\n", rand() % 100000); 
+    }
+
+    fclose(file);
+    printf("已生成 %d 个随机数到文件 %s\n", NUM_COUNT, filename);
+}
+
+/* 从文件读取数字到数组 */
+int ReadNumbers(const char *filename, int arr[])
+{
+    FILE *file = fopen(filename, "r");
+    if (file == NULL)
+    {
+        printf("错误：无法打开文件 %s\n", filename);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    int count = 0;
+    while (fscanf(file, "%d", &arr[count]) != EOF && count < NUM_COUNT)
+    {
+        count++;
+    }
+
+    fclose(file);
+    printf("已从文件 %s 读取 %d 个数字\n", filename, count);
+    return count;
+}
+
+/* 将数组中的数字写入文件 */
+void writeNumbersToFile(const char *filename, int arr[], int n)
+{
+    FILE *file = fopen(filename, "w");
+    if (file == NULL)
+    {
+        printf("错误：无法创建文件 %s\n", filename);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        fprintf(file, "%d\n", arr[i]);
+    }
+
+    fclose(file);
+    printf("已将 %d 个排序后的数字写入文件 %s\n", n, filename);
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8,防止中文乱码
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul"); // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);  // 设置控制台输出编码
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);        // 设置控制台输入编码
+    _mkdir("records");
+#endif
+
+    int numbers[NUM_COUNT];
+    int actual_count;
+    clock_t start, end;
+    double time_used;
+
+    printf("=== 选择排序执行时间测量程序 ===\n");
+
+    // 生成随机数并写入文件
+    printf("\n1. 生成随机数...\n");
+    MakeRandomNumber(INPUT_FILE);
+
+    // 从文件读取数字到数组
+    printf("\n2. 读取文件...\n");
+    actual_count = ReadNumbers(INPUT_FILE, numbers);
+
+    // 显示部分未排序数据
+    printf("\n3. 未排序数据（前10个）: ");
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10 && i < actual_count; i++)
+    {
+        printf("%d ", numbers[i]);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+
+    // 测量选择排序执行时间
+    printf("\n4. 开始选择排序...\n");
+    // 记录开始时间
+    start = clock(); 
+    SelectSort(numbers, actual_count);
+    // 记录结束时间
+    end = clock(); 
+
+    // 计算并显示执行时间
+    time_used = ((double)(end - start)) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+    printf("选择排序完成！\n");
+    printf("执行时间: %.6f 秒\n", time_used);
+
+    // 显示部分已排序数据
+    printf("\n6. 已排序数据（前10个）: ");
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10 && i < actual_count; i++)
+    {
+        printf("%d ", numbers[i]);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+
+    // 将排序后的数据写入新文件
+    printf("\n7. 写入排序结果...\n");
+    writeNumbersToFile(OUTPUT_FILE, numbers, actual_count);
+
+    printf("\n=== 程序执行完成 ===\n");
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/110.c

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned int u32;
+
+static u32 press[25];
+
+static void init_masks(void){
+    for (int r = 0; r < 5; ++r){
+        for (int c = 0; c < 5; ++c){
+            int p = r * 5 + c;
+            u32 m = 0U;
+            m |= (1U << p);
+            if (r > 0) m |= (1U << (p - 5));
+            if (r < 4) m |= (1U << (p + 5));
+            if (c > 0) m |= (1U << (p - 1));
+            if (c < 4) m |= (1U << (p + 1));
+            press[p] = m;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct { u32 key; unsigned char used; unsigned char val; } Entry;
+
+static Entry *map;
+static size_t cap;
+
+static void map_init(size_t need){ size_t c = 1; while (c < need) c <<= 1; cap = c; map = (Entry*)calloc(cap, sizeof(Entry)); }
+
+static void map_put(u32 key, unsigned char v){ size_t mask = cap - 1; size_t i = (size_t)(key & mask); for (;;){ if (!map[i].used){ map[i].used = 1; map[i].key = key; map[i].val = v; return; } if (map[i].key == key){ if (v < map[i].val) map[i].val = v; return; } i = (i + 1) & mask; } }
+
+static int map_get(u32 key){ size_t mask = cap - 1; size_t i = (size_t)(key & mask); for (;;){ if (!map[i].used) return -1; if (map[i].key == key) return (int)map[i].val; i = (i + 1) & mask; } }
+
+static int popcnt(u32 x){ return __builtin_popcount(x); }
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    init_masks();
+    int T; if (scanf("%d", &T) != 1) return 0;
+    u32 ones = 0x1FFFFFFU;
+    int leftN = 12, rightN = 13;
+    int leftIdx[12]; for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i) leftIdx[i] = i;
+    int rightIdx[13]; for (int i = 0; i < 13; ++i) rightIdx[i] = 12 + i;
+    while (T--){
+        u32 B = 0U;
+        for (int r = 0; r < 5; ++r){
+            for (int c = 0; c < 5; ++c){
+                int v; scanf("%d", &v);
+                if (v) B |= (1U << (r * 5 + c));
+            }
+        }
+        u32 D = ones ^ B;
+        size_t need = 16384;
+        map_init(need);
+        for (u32 s = 0; s < (1U << leftN); ++s){ int w = popcnt(s); if (w > 6) continue; u32 m = 0U; for (int i = 0; i < leftN; ++i){ if ((s >> i) & 1U) m ^= press[leftIdx[i]]; } map_put(m, (unsigned char)w); }
+        int best = 7;
+        for (u32 t = 0; t < (1U << rightN); ++t){ int wr = popcnt(t); if (wr > 6) continue; u32 mr = 0U; for (int i = 0; i < rightN; ++i){ if ((t >> i) & 1U) mr ^= press[rightIdx[i]]; } u32 needL = D ^ mr; int wl = map_get(needL); if (wl >= 0){ int s = wl + wr; if (s < best) best = s; } }
+        if (best <= 6) printf("%d\n", best); else printf("-1\n");
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/111.c

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned int u32;
+
+static int MOD = 99989;
+
+static int powmod(int a, unsigned long long e){
+    long long r = 1 % MOD;
+    long long x = a % MOD;
+    while (e){
+        if (e & 1ULL) r = (r * x) % MOD;
+        x = (x * x) % MOD;
+        e >>= 1ULL;
+    }
+    return (int)r;
+}
+
+static int no_adj(u32 m){ return (m & (m << 1)) == 0U; }
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    int maxH = 0; { int t = n; while (t >= 3){ ++maxH; t /= 3; } ++maxH; }
+    int maxA = 0; { int t = n; while (t >= 2){ ++maxA; t /= 2; } }
+    if (maxH < 1) maxH = 1;
+    if (maxA < 0) maxA = 0;
+    u32 **states = (u32**)malloc((size_t)(maxH + 1) * sizeof(u32*));
+    int *state_count = (int*)malloc((size_t)(maxH + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int h = 1; h <= maxH; ++h){
+        int cap = 1 << h;
+        u32 *tmp = (u32*)malloc((size_t)cap * sizeof(u32));
+        int cnt = 0;
+        for (int m = 0; m < cap; ++m){ if (no_adj((u32)m)) tmp[cnt++] = (u32)m; }
+        states[h] = (u32*)malloc((size_t)cnt * sizeof(u32));
+        for (int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) states[h][i] = tmp[i];
+        state_count[h] = cnt;
+        free(tmp);
+    }
+    unsigned long long ans = 1ULL;
+    int r = 1;
+    while (r <= n){
+        int m = n / r;
+        int R = n / m;
+        int L = r;
+        long long cR = (long long)R - (R / 2) - (R / 3) + (R / 6);
+        long long Lm1 = (long long)(L - 1);
+        long long cL = Lm1 - (Lm1 / 2) - (Lm1 / 3) + (Lm1 / 6);
+        unsigned long long cnt_r = (unsigned long long)(cR - cL);
+        int Amax = 0; { int t = m; while (t >= 2){ ++Amax; t /= 2; } }
+        int *H = (int*)malloc(((size_t)Amax + 1) * sizeof(int));
+        int tm = m;
+        for (int a = 0; a <= Amax; ++a){
+            int s = tm;
+            int hb = 0; while (s >= 3){ ++hb; s /= 3; }
+            H[a] = hb + 1;
+            tm >>= 1;
+        }
+        int maxStates = 0;
+        for (int a = 0; a <= Amax; ++a){ if (state_count[H[a]] > maxStates) maxStates = state_count[H[a]]; }
+        int *dp_cur = (int*)calloc((size_t)maxStates, sizeof(int));
+        int *dp_nxt = (int*)calloc((size_t)maxStates, sizeof(int));
+        int h0 = H[0];
+        for (int i = 0; i < state_count[h0]; ++i){ dp_cur[i] = 1; }
+        for (int a = 0; a + 1 <= Amax; ++a){
+            int h1 = H[a];
+            int h2 = H[a+1];
+            int c1 = state_count[h1];
+            int c2 = state_count[h2];
+            for (int j = 0; j < c2; ++j) dp_nxt[j] = 0;
+            u32 *S1 = states[h1];
+            u32 *S2 = states[h2];
+            for (int i = 0; i < c1; ++i){
+                int v = dp_cur[i]; if (!v) continue;
+                u32 s1 = S1[i];
+                for (int j = 0; j < c2; ++j){
+                    u32 s2 = S2[j];
+                    if ((s1 & s2) == 0U){
+                        int t = dp_nxt[j] + v;
+                        if (t >= MOD) t -= MOD;
+                        dp_nxt[j] = t;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int j = 0; j < c2; ++j) dp_cur[j] = dp_nxt[j];
+        }
+        int hlast = H[Amax];
+        int cnt_last = state_count[hlast];
+        int f_m = 0; for (int i = 0; i < cnt_last; ++i){ f_m += dp_cur[i]; if (f_m >= MOD) f_m -= MOD; }
+        int contrib = powmod(f_m, cnt_r);
+        ans = (ans * (unsigned long long)contrib) % MOD;
+        free(dp_nxt); free(dp_cur); free(H);
+        r = R + 1;
+    }
+    printf("%u\n", (unsigned int)ans);
+    for (int h = 1; h <= maxH; ++h) free(states[h]);
+    free(state_count); free(states);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/112.c

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+static int MOD = 99989;
+
+static int popcnt(int x){
+    int c = 0;
+    while (x){ x &= (x - 1); ++c; }
+    return c;
+}
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int N, M;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &N, &M) != 2) return 0;
+    int Smax = 1 << N;
+    int *okrow = (int*)malloc((size_t)Smax * sizeof(int));
+    int *bits = (int*)malloc((size_t)Smax * sizeof(int));
+    int *list = (int*)malloc((size_t)Smax * sizeof(int));
+    int cntS = 0;
+    for (int m = 0; m < Smax; ++m){
+        if ((m & (m << 1)) == 0){ okrow[m] = 1; bits[m] = popcnt(m); list[cntS++] = m; } else { okrow[m] = 0; bits[m] = popcnt(m); }
+    }
+    char **ok = (char**)malloc((size_t)cntS * sizeof(char*));
+    for (int i = 0; i < cntS; ++i) ok[i] = (char*)malloc((size_t)cntS * sizeof(char));
+    for (int i = 0; i < cntS; ++i){
+        int a = list[i];
+        for (int j = 0; j < cntS; ++j){
+            int b = list[j];
+            int bad = (a & b) | (a & (b << 1)) | (a & (b >> 1));
+            ok[i][j] = (bad == 0) ? 1 : 0;
+        }
+    }
+    int **dp_prev = (int**)malloc((size_t)cntS * sizeof(int*));
+    int **dp_cur = (int**)malloc((size_t)cntS * sizeof(int*));
+    for (int i = 0; i < cntS; ++i){ dp_prev[i] = (int*)calloc((size_t)M + 1, sizeof(int)); dp_cur[i] = (int*)calloc((size_t)M + 1, sizeof(int)); }
+    for (int i = 0; i < cntS; ++i){ int b = bits[list[i]]; if (b <= M) dp_prev[i][b] = 1; }
+    for (int r = 1; r < N; ++r){
+        for (int j = 0; j < cntS; ++j){ for (int k = 0; k <= M; ++k) dp_cur[j][k] = 0; }
+        for (int i = 0; i < cntS; ++i){
+            for (int j = 0; j < cntS; ++j){ if (!ok[i][j]) continue; int add = bits[list[j]]; for (int k = 0; k + add <= M; ++k){ int v = dp_prev[i][k]; if (!v) continue; int t = dp_cur[j][k + add] + v; if (t >= MOD) t -= MOD; dp_cur[j][k + add] = t; } }
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < cntS; ++j){ for (int k = 0; k <= M; ++k) dp_prev[j][k] = dp_cur[j][k]; }
+    }
+    int ans = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < cntS; ++i){ int v = dp_prev[i][M]; ans += v; if (ans >= MOD) ans -= MOD; }
+    printf("%d\n", ans);
+    for (int i = 0; i < cntS; ++i){ free(dp_prev[i]); free(dp_cur[i]); free(ok[i]); }
+    free(dp_prev); free(dp_cur); free(ok); free(list); free(bits); free(okrow);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/113.c

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long long ull;
+
+int main(void)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    unsigned long long n;
+    if (scanf("%llu", &n) != 1)
+        return 0;
+    unsigned long long ans = 0ULL;
+    for (unsigned long long factor = 1ULL; factor <= n; factor *= 10ULL)
+    {
+        unsigned long long high = n / (factor * 10ULL);
+        unsigned long long low = n % factor;
+        unsigned long long cur = (n / factor) % 10ULL;
+        unsigned long long term = factor * (high * 45ULL + (cur * (cur - 1ULL)) / 2ULL) + cur * (low + 1ULL);
+        ans += term;
+    }
+    printf("%llu\n", ans);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/114.c

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long long ull;
+
+static const int MOD = 1000000007;
+
+typedef struct { int c; int s; int q; } Node;
+
+static ull digits[32];
+
+static ull solve(ull n){
+    if (n == (ull)-1) return 0ULL;
+    int L = 0;
+    if (n == 0ULL){ digits[L++] = 0ULL; }
+    else { while (n){ digits[L++] = n % 10ULL; n /= 10ULL; } for (int i = 0, j = L - 1; i < j; ++i, --j){ ull t = digits[i]; digits[i] = digits[j]; digits[j] = t; } }
+    static Node dp[2][2][2][6][6];
+    static Node nx[2][2][2][6][6];
+    for (int t = 0; t < 2; ++t) for (int a = 0; a < 2; ++a) for (int b = 0; b < 2; ++b) for (int m = 0; m < 6; ++m) for (int r = 0; r < 6; ++r){ dp[t][a][b][m][r].c = 0; dp[t][a][b][m][r].s = 0; dp[t][a][b][m][r].q = 0; }
+    dp[1][1][0][0][0].c = 1;
+    dp[1][1][0][0][0].s = 0;
+    dp[1][1][0][0][0].q = 0;
+    for (int pos = 0; pos < L; ++pos){
+        int lim = (int)digits[pos];
+        for (int t = 0; t < 2; ++t) for (int a = 0; a < 2; ++a) for (int b = 0; b < 2; ++b) for (int m = 0; m < 6; ++m) for (int r = 0; r < 6; ++r){ nx[t][a][b][m][r].c = 0; nx[t][a][b][m][r].s = 0; nx[t][a][b][m][r].q = 0; }
+        for (int t = 0; t < 2; ++t){
+            int up = t ? lim : 9;
+            for (int a = 0; a < 2; ++a){
+                for (int b = 0; b < 2; ++b){
+                    for (int m = 0; m < 6; ++m){
+                        for (int r = 0; r < 6; ++r){
+                            Node cur = dp[t][a][b][m][r];
+                            if (!cur.c && !cur.s && !cur.q) continue;
+                            for (int d = 0; d <= up; ++d){
+                                int nt = (t && (d == up)) ? 1 : 0;
+                                int na = (a && d == 0) ? 1 : 0;
+                                int nb = b || (d == 6);
+                                int nm = (m * 10 + d) % 6;
+                                int nr = (r + d) % 6;
+                                Node *dst = &nx[nt][na][nb][nm][nr];
+                                int cadd = cur.c;
+                                int sadd = (int)((10LL * cur.s + (long long)cadd * d) % MOD);
+                                int qadd = (int)((100LL * cur.q + (20LL * d % MOD) * cur.s + (long long)cadd * (long long)d * (long long)d) % MOD);
+                                dst->c += cadd; if (dst->c >= MOD) dst->c -= MOD;
+                                dst->s += sadd; if (dst->s >= MOD) dst->s -= MOD;
+                                dst->q += qadd; if (dst->q >= MOD) dst->q -= MOD;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (int t = 0; t < 2; ++t) for (int a = 0; a < 2; ++a) for (int b = 0; b < 2; ++b) for (int m = 0; m < 6; ++m) for (int r = 0; r < 6; ++r){ dp[t][a][b][m][r] = nx[t][a][b][m][r]; }
+    }
+    long long ans = 0;
+    for (int t = 0; t < 2; ++t){
+        for (int a = 0; a < 2; ++a){
+            for (int b = 0; b < 2; ++b){
+                if (b) continue;
+                for (int m = 0; m < 6; ++m){
+                    if (m == 0) continue;
+                    for (int r = 0; r < 6; ++r){
+                        if (r == 0) continue;
+                        ans += dp[t][a][b][m][r].q;
+                        if (ans >= MOD) ans -= MOD;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return (ull)ans;
+}
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int T; if (scanf("%d", &T) != 1) return 0;
+    while (T--){
+        unsigned long long a, b; scanf("%llu %llu", &a, &b);
+        ull x = solve(b);
+        ull y = solve(a - 1ULL);
+        ull ans = (x >= y) ? (x - y) : (x + MOD - y);
+        printf("%llu\n", ans);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/1149.c

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1)
+        return 0;
+    unsigned int N = (1u << (n + 1)) - 1u;
+    long long *w = (long long *)malloc(((size_t)N + 2) * sizeof(long long));
+    long long *mx = (long long *)malloc(((size_t)N + 2) * sizeof(long long));
+    for (unsigned int i = 1; i <= N; ++i)
+        scanf("%lld", &w[i]);
+    unsigned int first_leaf = (N >> 1) + 1u;
+    for (unsigned int i = first_leaf; i <= N; ++i)
+        mx[i] = w[i];
+    long long add = 0;
+    for (int i = (int)(first_leaf - 1u); i >= 1; --i)
+    {
+        long long L = mx[i << 1];
+        long long R = mx[(i << 1) | 1];
+        add += (L >= R) ? (L - R) : (R - L);
+        mx[i] = w[i] + ((L >= R) ? L : R);
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", add);
+    free(w);
+    free(mx);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/115.c

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+static const int MOD = 1000000007;
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int f; if (scanf("%d", &f) != 1) return 0;
+    int *ns = (int*)malloc((size_t)f * sizeof(int));
+    int maxN = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < f; ++i){ scanf("%d", &ns[i]); if (ns[i] > maxN) maxN = ns[i]; }
+    if (maxN < 0) maxN = 0;
+    int *dp1 = (int*)calloc((size_t)maxN + 2, sizeof(int));
+    int *dp2 = (int*)calloc((size_t)maxN + 2, sizeof(int));
+    if (maxN >= 1){ dp1[1] = 3; dp2[1] = 0; }
+    for (int n = 2; n <= maxN; ++n){
+        long long a = (2LL * dp1[n-1] + 2LL * dp2[n-1]) % MOD;
+        long long b = (1LL * dp1[n-1]) % MOD;
+        dp1[n] = (int)a;
+        dp2[n] = (int)b;
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < f; ++i){
+        int n = ns[i];
+        if (n == 0){ printf("1\n"); continue; }
+        int ans = dp1[n]; ans += dp2[n]; if (ans >= MOD) ans -= MOD;
+        printf("%d\n", ans);
+    }
+    free(dp2); free(dp1); free(ns);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/116.c

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+static const int P = 61;
+
+static int C[61][61];
+static int pow2_small[400];
+
+static int pow2_mod(unsigned long long e)
+{
+    unsigned long long b = 2ULL;
+    unsigned long long r = 1ULL;
+    while (e)
+    {
+        if (e & 1ULL)
+            r = (r * b) % P;
+        b = (b * b) % P;
+        e >>= 1ULL;
+    }
+    return (int)r;
+}
+
+static int sum_prefix_mod61(unsigned long long k, long long t)
+{
+    if (t < 0)
+        return 0;
+    if ((unsigned long long)t >= k)
+        return pow2_mod(k);
+    int Kdig[16], Tdig[16];
+    int L = 0;
+    unsigned long long kk = k;
+    while (kk)
+    {
+        Kdig[L++] = (int)(kk % P);
+        kk /= P;
+    }
+    if (L == 0)
+    {
+        Kdig[L++] = 0;
+    }
+    unsigned long long tt = (unsigned long long)t;
+    int Lt = 0;
+    while (tt)
+    {
+        Tdig[Lt++] = (int)(tt % P);
+        tt /= P;
+    }
+    while (Lt < L)
+    {
+        Tdig[Lt++] = 0;
+    }
+    int Krev[16], Trev[16];
+    for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i)
+    {
+        Krev[i] = Kdig[L - 1 - i];
+        Trev[i] = Tdig[L - 1 - i];
+    }
+    int suffix_sum_digits[17];
+    suffix_sum_digits[L] = 0;
+    for (int i = L - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+        suffix_sum_digits[i] = suffix_sum_digits[i + 1] + Krev[i];
+    int res = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i)
+    {
+        int limit = Trev[i];
+        int nd = Krev[i];
+        int up = (limit < nd) ? limit : nd;
+        for (int w = 0; w < up; ++w)
+        {
+            int cv = C[nd][w];
+            if (!cv)
+                continue;
+            int tail = suffix_sum_digits[i + 1];
+            int add = (int)((cv * (long long)pow2_small[tail]) % P);
+            res += add;
+            if (res >= P)
+                res -= P;
+        }
+        if (up >= 0)
+        {
+            int w = up;
+            int cv = C[nd][w];
+            if (!cv)
+            {
+                return res;
+            }
+            if (w < limit)
+            {
+                int tail = suffix_sum_digits[i + 1];
+                int add = (int)((cv * (long long)pow2_small[tail]) % P);
+                res += add;
+                if (res >= P)
+                    res -= P;
+                return res;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    res += 1;
+    if (res >= P)
+        res -= P;
+    return res;
+}
+
+static inline char map_char(int x)
+{
+    if (x <= 9)
+        return (char)('0' + x);
+    if (x <= 35)
+        return (char)('A' + (x - 10));
+    return (char)('a' + (x - 36));
+}
+
+static int read_int_fast()
+{
+    int c = getchar();
+    while (c != EOF && (c <= ' '))
+        c = getchar();
+    if (c == EOF)
+        return -1;
+    int x = 0;
+    while (c > ' ')
+    {
+        x = x * 10 + (c - '0');
+        c = getchar();
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    for (int n = 0; n <= 60; ++n)
+    {
+        C[n][0] = 1 % P;
+        for (int r = 1; r <= n; ++r)
+        {
+            int v = (C[n - 1][r - 1] + C[n - 1][r]) % P;
+            C[n][r] = v;
+        }
+    }
+    pow2_small[0] = 1 % P;
+    for (int i = 1; i < 400; ++i)
+    {
+        pow2_small[i] = (pow2_small[i - 1] * 2) % P;
+    }
+    int Q = read_int_fast();
+    unsigned char *A = (unsigned char *)malloc((size_t)Q + 5);
+    int head = 0, tail = 0;
+    long long cnt0 = 0, cnt1 = 0, cntq = 0;
+    int last = 0;
+    int outputs = 0;
+    for (int qi = 0; qi < Q; ++qi)
+    {
+        int x = read_int_fast();
+        x ^= (last & 3);
+        if (x == 0)
+        {
+            A[tail++] = 0;
+            ++cnt0;
+        }
+        else if (x == 1)
+        {
+            A[tail++] = 1;
+            ++cnt1;
+        }
+        else if (x == 2)
+        {
+            A[tail++] = 2;
+            ++cntq;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            unsigned char v = A[head++];
+            if (v == 0)
+                --cnt0;
+            else if (v == 1)
+                --cnt1;
+            else
+                --cntq;
+        }
+        int L = tail - head;
+        if ((L & 1) == 1)
+        {
+            long long ones = cnt1;
+            long long k = cntq;
+            long long T = (L + 1) / 2;
+            long long need = T - ones;
+            int ans;
+            if (need <= 0)
+            {
+                ans = pow2_mod((unsigned long long)k);
+            }
+            else if (need > k)
+            {
+                ans = 0;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                unsigned long long K = (unsigned long long)k;
+                unsigned long long sum0 = sum_prefix_mod61(K, (long long)(need - 1));
+                int twoK = pow2_mod(K);
+                ans = twoK - (int)sum0;
+                if (ans < 0)
+                    ans += P;
+            }
+            char ch = map_char(ans);
+            putchar(ch);
+            putchar('\n');
+            last = ans;
+            ++outputs;
+        }
+    }
+    free(A);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/117.c

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    int x, y;
+} Pt;
+
+static int manh(Pt a, Pt b)
+{
+    int dx = a.x - b.x;
+    if (dx < 0)
+        dx = -dx;
+    int dy = a.y - b.y;
+    if (dy < 0)
+        dy = -dy;
+    return dx + dy;
+}
+
+static void gen_segment(Pt a, Pt b)
+{
+    int sx = (b.x > a.x) ? 1 : (b.x < a.x ? -1 : 0);
+    int sy = (b.y > a.y) ? 1 : (b.y < a.y ? -1 : 0);
+    while (a.x != b.x)
+    {
+        a.x += sx;
+        printf(" (%d,%d)", a.x, a.y);
+    }
+    while (a.y != b.y)
+    {
+        a.y += sy;
+        printf(" (%d,%d)", a.x, a.y);
+    }
+}
+
+static int perm_next(int *p, int n)
+{
+    int i = n - 2;
+    while (i >= 0 && p[i] > p[i + 1])
+        --i;
+    if (i < 0)
+        return 0;
+    int j = n - 1;
+    while (p[j] < p[i])
+        --j;
+    int t = p[i];
+    p[i] = p[j];
+    p[j] = t;
+    int l = i + 1, r = n - 1;
+    while (l < r)
+    {
+        t = p[l];
+        p[l] = p[r];
+        p[r] = t;
+        ++l;
+        --r;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static void best_route(Pt S, Pt *grp, int k, int *best_len, int *best_order)
+{
+    int idx[4];
+    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i)
+        idx[i] = i;
+    int first = 1;
+    do
+    {
+        int sum = 0;
+        Pt cur = S;
+        for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i)
+        {
+            sum += manh(cur, grp[idx[i]]);
+            cur = grp[idx[i]];
+        }
+        if (first || sum < *best_len)
+        {
+            *best_len = sum;
+            for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i)
+                best_order[i] = idx[i];
+            first = 0;
+        }
+    } while (perm_next(idx, k));
+}
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    Pt *pts;
+    int cnt;
+} Bucket;
+
+int main(void)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int N;
+    if (scanf("%d", &N) != 1)
+        return 0;
+    Pt *emps = (Pt *)malloc((size_t)N * sizeof(Pt));
+    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+        scanf("%d %d", &emps[i].x, &emps[i].y);
+    Pt S;
+    scanf("%d %d", &S.x, &S.y);
+    Pt *eff = (Pt *)malloc((size_t)N * sizeof(Pt));
+    int M = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+    {
+        if (emps[i].x == S.x && emps[i].y == S.y)
+            continue;
+        eff[M++] = emps[i];
+    }
+    if (M == 0)
+    {
+        printf("0\n0\n");
+        free(eff);
+        free(emps);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    Bucket bkt[8];
+    for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
+    {
+        bkt[i].pts = (Pt *)malloc((size_t)M * sizeof(Pt));
+        bkt[i].cnt = 0;
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < M; ++i)
+    {
+        int dx = eff[i].x - S.x, dy = eff[i].y - S.y;
+        int id = 0;
+        if (dx > 0 && dy > 0)
+            id = 0;
+        else if (dx < 0 && dy > 0)
+            id = 1;
+        else if (dx > 0 && dy < 0)
+            id = 2;
+        else if (dx < 0 && dy < 0)
+            id = 3;
+        else if (dx == 0 && dy > 0)
+            id = 4;
+        else if (dx == 0 && dy < 0)
+            id = 5;
+        else if (dy == 0 && dx > 0)
+            id = 6;
+        else
+            id = 7;
+        bkt[id].pts[bkt[id].cnt++] = eff[i];
+    }
+    int groups = 0;
+    int cap = (M + 3) / 4;
+    Pt **grp_pts = (Pt **)malloc((size_t)cap * sizeof(Pt *));
+    int *grp_sizes = (int *)malloc((size_t)cap * sizeof(int));
+    for (int id = 0; id < 8; ++id)
+    {
+        int c = bkt[id].cnt;
+        if (c == 0)
+            continue;
+        int *ord = (int *)malloc((size_t)c * sizeof(int));
+        for (int i = 0; i < c; ++i)
+            ord[i] = i;
+        for (int i = 0; i < c; ++i)
+        {
+            for (int j = i + 1; j < c; ++j)
+            {
+                if (manh(S, bkt[id].pts[ord[i]]) > manh(S, bkt[id].pts[ord[j]]))
+                {
+                    int t = ord[i];
+                    ord[i] = ord[j];
+                    ord[j] = t;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i < c)
+        {
+            int k = c - i;
+            if (k > 4)
+                k = 4;
+            Pt *arr = (Pt *)malloc((size_t)k * sizeof(Pt));
+            for (int t = 0; t < k; ++t)
+                arr[t] = bkt[id].pts[ord[i + t]];
+            grp_pts[groups] = arr;
+            grp_sizes[groups] = k;
+            ++groups;
+            i += k;
+        }
+        free(ord);
+    }
+    int *lens = (int *)malloc((size_t)groups * sizeof(int));
+    int **order = (int **)malloc((size_t)groups * sizeof(int *));
+    for (int g = 0; g < groups; ++g)
+    {
+        order[g] = (int *)malloc(4 * sizeof(int));
+        int bl = 0;
+        best_route(S, grp_pts[g], grp_sizes[g], &bl, order[g]);
+        lens[g] = bl;
+    }
+    int total = 0;
+    for (int g = 0; g < groups; ++g)
+        total += lens[g];
+    printf("%d\n", total);
+    printf("%d\n", groups);
+    for (int g = 0; g < groups; ++g)
+    {
+        printf("%d", lens[g]);
+        for (int i = 0; i < grp_sizes[g]; ++i)
+        {
+            Pt p = grp_pts[g][i];
+            printf("(%d,%d)%s", p.x, p.y, (i + 1 == grp_sizes[g]) ? " " : " ");
+        }
+        printf(": ");
+        Pt cur = S;
+        printf("(%d,%d)", cur.x, cur.y);
+        for (int i = 0; i < grp_sizes[g]; ++i)
+        {
+            Pt nxt = grp_pts[g][order[g][i]];
+            gen_segment(cur, nxt);
+            cur = nxt;
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+    for (int g = 0; g < groups; ++g)
+    {
+        free(order[g]);
+        free(grp_pts[g]);
+    }
+    free(order);
+    free(grp_pts);
+    free(grp_sizes);
+    free(lens);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
+        free(bkt[i].pts);
+    free(eff);
+    free(emps);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/118.c

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef struct { char *name; char *path; } Node;
+
+static char* dupstr(const char* s){ size_t n = strlen(s); char* p = (char*)malloc(n + 1); if (!p) exit(1); memcpy(p, s, n + 1); return p; }
+
+int main(void){
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    Node *nodes = (Node*)malloc(2000 * sizeof(Node));
+    int cap = 2000, cnt = 0;
+    int last_idx[2048];
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2048; ++i) last_idx[i] = -1;
+    char buf[4096];
+    while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin)){
+        size_t len = strlen(buf);
+        while (len && (buf[len-1] == '\n' || buf[len-1] == '\r')) buf[--len] = '\0';
+        while (len && buf[len-1] == ' ') buf[--len] = '\0';
+        if (len == 0) continue;
+        if (strcmp(buf, "#") == 0) break;
+        size_t i = 0; while (buf[i] == ' ') ++i;
+        int level = (int)i;
+        const char *name = buf + i;
+        if (*name == '\0') continue;
+        size_t nlen = strlen(name);
+        char *path;
+        if (level == 0){
+            path = (char*)malloc(1 + nlen + 1);
+            path[0] = '/';
+            memcpy(path + 1, name, nlen);
+            path[1 + nlen] = '\0';
+        } else {
+            const char *parent_path = nodes[last_idx[level - 1]].path;
+            size_t plen = strlen(parent_path);
+            path = (char*)malloc(plen + 1 + nlen + 1);
+            memcpy(path, parent_path, plen);
+            path[plen] = '/';
+            memcpy(path + plen + 1, name, nlen);
+            path[plen + 1 + nlen] = '\0';
+        }
+        if (cnt == cap){ cap <<= 1; nodes = (Node*)realloc(nodes, (size_t)cap * sizeof(Node)); }
+        nodes[cnt].name = dupstr(name);
+        nodes[cnt].path = path;
+        last_idx[level] = cnt;
+        ++cnt;
+    }
+    if (!fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin)) return 0;
+    size_t len = strlen(buf);
+    while (len && (buf[len-1] == '\n' || buf[len-1] == '\r')) buf[--len] = '\0';
+    while (len && buf[len-1] == ' ') buf[--len] = '\0';
+    size_t j = 0; while (buf[j] == ' ') ++j; const char *q = buf + j;
+    int found = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i){ if (strcmp(nodes[i].name, q) == 0){ puts(nodes[i].path); found = 1; } }
+    if (!found) puts("NULL");
+    for (int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i){ free(nodes[i].name); free(nodes[i].path); }
+    free(nodes);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/12.c

@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#endif
+
+// 定义双向链表节点结构体
+struct Node
+{
+    int data;
+    struct Node *prev;
+    struct Node *next;
+};
+
+// 定义双向链表结构体
+struct DoubleList
+{
+    struct Node *head;
+    struct Node *tail;
+};
+
+// 初始化双向链表
+void initDoubleList(struct DoubleList *list)
+{
+    list->head = NULL;
+    list->tail = NULL;
+}
+
+// 获取双向链表长度
+int getListLength(struct DoubleList *list)
+{
+    int length = 0;
+    struct Node *current = list->head;
+    while (current != NULL)
+    {
+        length++;
+        current = current->next;
+    }
+    return length;
+}
+
+// 向双向链表头部添加节点
+void addNodeToHead(struct DoubleList *list, int data)
+{
+    // 分配新节点内存
+    struct Node *newNode = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
+    newNode->data = data;
+    newNode->prev = NULL;
+    newNode->next = list->head;
+
+    // 如果链表为空,则新节点同时是头节点和尾节点
+    if (list->head == NULL)
+    {
+        list->tail = newNode;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        list->head->prev = newNode;
+    }
+
+    // 更新头节点为新节点
+    list->head = newNode;
+}
+
+// 向双向链表尾部添加节点
+void addNodeToTail(struct DoubleList *list, int data)
+{
+    // 分配新节点内存
+    struct Node *newNode = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
+    newNode->data = data;
+    newNode->prev = list->tail;
+    newNode->next = NULL;
+
+    // 如果链表为空,则新节点同时是头节点和尾节点
+    if (list->tail == NULL)
+    {
+        list->head = newNode;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        list->tail->next = newNode;
+    }
+
+    // 更新尾节点为新节点
+    list->tail = newNode;
+}
+
+// 在指定位置插入节点
+void insertNode(struct DoubleList *list, int data, int position)
+{
+    // 分配新节点内存
+    struct Node *newNode = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
+    newNode->data = data;
+
+    // 如果插入位置为0,则在头部插入
+    if (position == 0)
+    {
+        addNodeToHead(list, data);
+    }
+    // 如果插入位置大于等于链表长度,则在尾部插入
+    else if (position >= getListLength(list))
+    {
+        addNodeToTail(list, data);
+    }
+
+    // 否则,在指定位置插入
+    else
+    {
+        // 首先遍历到指定位置
+        struct Node *current = list->head;
+        for (int i = 0; i < position; i++)
+        {
+            current = current->next;
+        }
+
+        // 然后插入到指定位置
+        newNode->prev = current->prev;
+        newNode->next = current;
+
+        // 更新当前节点的前一个节点的next指针
+        current->prev->next = newNode;
+
+        // 更新当前节点的前指针为新节点
+        current->prev = newNode;
+    }
+}
+
+// 删除指定位置的节点
+int delectNode(struct DoubleList *list, int position)
+{
+    // 如果删除位置为0,则删除头节点
+    if (position == 0)
+    {
+        // 如果链表只有一个节点,则删除后链表为空
+        if (list->head == list->tail)
+        {
+            free(list->head);
+            list->head = NULL;
+            list->tail = NULL;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // 更新头节点为下一个节点
+            list->head = list->head->next;
+            // 释放旧头节点内存,更新新头节点的prev指针为NULL
+            free(list->head->prev);
+            list->head->prev = NULL;
+        }
+        return 1;
+    }
+    // 如果删除位置大于等于链表长度,则删除尾节点
+    else if (position >= getListLength(list))
+    {
+        // 更新尾节点为前一个节点
+        list->tail = list->tail->prev;
+        // 释放旧尾节点内存,更新新尾节点的next指针为NULL
+        free(list->tail->next);
+        list->tail->next = NULL;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    // 如果删除位置在中间,则删除指定位置节点
+    else
+    {
+        // 首先遍历到指定位置
+        struct Node *current = list->head;
+        for (int i = 0; i < position; i++)
+        {
+            current = current->next;
+        }
+        // 更新前一个节点的next指针为后一个节点
+        current->prev->next = current->next;
+
+        // 更新后一个节点的prev指针为前一个节点,更新当前节点的next指针为NULL
+        current->next->prev = current->prev;
+
+        free(current);
+        
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
+
+// 修改指定位置节点的数据
+int modifyNode(struct DoubleList *list, int data, int position)
+{
+    // 首先遍历到指定位置
+    struct Node *current = list->head;
+    for (int i = 0; i < position; i++)
+    {
+        current = current->next;
+    }
+    // 修改节点数据
+    current->data = data;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+// 查找指定数据的节点位置
+int findNodePosition(struct DoubleList *list, int data)
+{
+    // 从头节点开始遍历
+    struct Node *current = list->head;
+    int position = 0;
+    while (current != NULL)
+    {
+        // 如果找到匹配数据,则返回当前位置
+        if (current->data == data)
+        {
+            return position;
+        }
+        // 否则,继续遍历下一个节点
+        current = current->next;
+        position++;
+    }
+    // 如果遍历完链表仍未找到匹配数据,则返回-1
+    return -1;
+}
+
+// 查找指定位置的节点数据
+int findNodeData(struct DoubleList *list, int position)
+{
+    // 首先遍历到指定位置
+    struct Node *current = list->head;
+    for (int i = 0; i < position; i++)
+    {
+        current = current->next;
+    }
+    // 返回当前节点数据
+    return current->data;
+}
+
+// 打印链表所有节点数据
+void printList(struct DoubleList *list)
+{
+    // 从头节点开始遍历
+    struct Node *current = list->head;
+    while (current != NULL)
+    {
+        // 打印当前节点数据
+        printf("%d ", current->data);
+        // 继续遍历下一个节点
+        current = current->next;
+    }
+    // 打印换行符
+    printf("\n");
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8,防止中文乱码
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul"); // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);  // 设置控制台输出编码
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);        // 设置控制台输入编码
+#endif
+
+    // 初始化双端链表
+    struct DoubleList list;
+    initDoubleList(&list);
+
+    // 输入节点数据
+    printf("请输入初始节点数据的数量(默认在链表尾端插入):");
+    int count;
+    scanf("%d", &count);
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+    {
+        printf("请输入第 %d 个节点数据:", i + 1);
+        int data;
+        scanf("%d", &data);
+        addNodeToTail(&list, data);
+    }
+
+    while (1)
+    {
+        // 打印菜单
+        printf("1. 插入节点\n");
+        printf("2. 删除节点\n");
+        printf("3. 修改节点\n");
+        printf("4. 查找节点\n");
+        printf("5. 打印链表\n");
+        printf("0. 退出程序\n");
+        printf("请输入操作选择:");
+        int choice;
+        scanf("%d", &choice);
+
+        // 根据选择执行相应操作
+        switch (choice)
+        {
+        case 1:
+            printf("1. 在链表头插入节点\n");
+            printf("2. 在链表尾插入节点\n");
+            printf("3. 在指定位置插入节点\n");
+            printf("请输入插入方式选择:");
+            int addchoice;
+            scanf("%d", &addchoice);
+
+            printf("请输入要插入的数据:");
+            int insertData;
+            scanf("%d", &insertData);
+            switch (addchoice)
+            {
+            case 1:
+                addNodeToHead(&list, insertData);
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                addNodeToTail(&list, insertData);
+                break;
+            case 3:
+                printf("请输入要插入的位置:");
+                int insertPosition;
+                scanf("%d", &insertPosition);
+                insertNode(&list, insertData, insertPosition);
+                break;
+            default:
+                printf("无效选择,请重新输入\n");
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            printf("请输入要删除的位置:");
+            int deletePosition;
+            scanf("%d", &deletePosition);
+            delectNode(&list, deletePosition);
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            printf("请输入要修改的数据:");
+            int modifyData;
+            scanf("%d", &modifyData);
+            printf("请输入要修改的位置:");
+            int modifyPosition;
+            scanf("%d", &modifyPosition);
+            modifyNode(&list, modifyData, modifyPosition);
+            break;
+        case 4:
+            printf("1. 查找指定数据的节点位置\n");
+            printf("2. 查找指定位置的节点数据\n");
+            printf("请输入查找方式选择:");
+            int findchoice;
+            scanf("%d", &findchoice);
+            switch (findchoice)
+            {
+            case 1:
+                printf("请输入要查找的数据:");
+                int findData;
+                scanf("%d", &findData);
+                int position = findNodePosition(&list, findData);
+                if (position != -1)
+                {
+                    printf("数据 %d 位于链表第 %d 个节点\n", findData, position);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    printf("链表中不存在数据 %d\n", findData);
+                }
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                printf("请输入要查找的位置:");
+                int findPosition;
+                scanf("%d", &findPosition);
+                int data = findNodeData(&list, findPosition);
+                if (data != -1)
+                {
+                    printf("链表第 %d 个节点的数据为 %d\n", findPosition, data);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    printf("链表中不存在第 %d 个节点\n", findPosition);
+                }
+                break;
+            default:
+                printf("无效选择,请重新输入\n");
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 5:
+            printList(&list);
+            break;
+        case 0:
+            printf("程序退出\n");
+            return 0;
+        default:
+            printf("无效选择,请重新输入\n");
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/120.c

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+typedef struct { int x, y; } P;
+
+static int n;
+static P a[105];
+static int vis[105];
+
+static void dfs(int u)
+{
+    vis[u] = 1;
+    for (int v = 0; v < n; ++v)
+    {
+        if (!vis[v] && (a[v].x == a[u].x || a[v].y == a[u].y))
+            dfs(v);
+    }
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+        scanf("%d %d", &a[i].x, &a[i].y);
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) vis[i] = 0;
+    int comp = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        if (!vis[i])
+        {
+            ++comp;
+            dfs(i);
+        }
+    }
+    printf("%d\n", comp - 1);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/121.c

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2) return 0;
+    int *head = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) head[i] = -1;
+    int E = m * 2;
+    int *to = (int *)malloc(((size_t)E + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int *next = (int *)malloc(((size_t)E + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int idx = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        int a, b; scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
+        to[idx] = b; next[idx] = head[a]; head[a] = idx++;
+        to[idx] = a; next[idx] = head[b]; head[b] = idx++;
+    }
+    int x; scanf("%d", &x);
+    int *dist = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) dist[i] = -1;
+    int *q = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int hh = 0, tt = 0;
+    dist[x] = 0; q[tt++] = x;
+    while (hh < tt)
+    {
+        int u = q[hh++];
+        for (int i = head[u]; i != -1; i = next[i])
+        {
+            int v = to[i];
+            if (dist[v] == -1)
+            {
+                dist[v] = dist[u] + 1;
+                q[tt++] = v;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    int ans = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+        if (dist[i] > ans) ans = dist[i];
+    printf("%d\n", ans);
+    free(head); free(to); free(next); free(dist); free(q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/122.c

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+static int parent[105][105];
+static unsigned char used[105];
+
+static int findc(int c, int x)
+{
+    int p = parent[c][x];
+    while (p != x)
+    {
+        int gp = parent[c][p];
+        parent[c][x] = gp;
+        x = p;
+        p = gp;
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2) return 0;
+    for (int c = 1; c <= m; ++c)
+    {
+        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+            parent[c][i] = i;
+        used[c] = 0;
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        int x, y, c;
+        scanf("%d %d %d", &x, &y, &c);
+        used[c] = 1;
+        int rx = findc(c, x);
+        int ry = findc(c, y);
+        if (rx != ry) parent[c][rx] = ry;
+    }
+    int q;
+    scanf("%d", &q);
+    while (q--)
+    {
+        int u, v;
+        scanf("%d %d", &u, &v);
+        int ans = 0;
+        for (int c = 1; c <= m; ++c)
+        {
+            if (!used[c]) continue;
+            int ru = findc(c, u);
+            int rv = findc(c, v);
+            if (ru == rv) ++ans;
+        }
+        printf("%d\n", ans);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/123.c

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    int E = (n - 1) * 2;
+    int *head = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    int *to = (int *)malloc(((size_t)E + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int *next = (int *)malloc(((size_t)E + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) head[i] = -1;
+    int idx = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i)
+    {
+        int u, v; scanf("%d %d", &u, &v);
+        to[idx] = v; next[idx] = head[u]; head[u] = idx++;
+        to[idx] = u; next[idx] = head[v]; head[v] = idx++;
+    }
+    int *color = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) color[i] = -1;
+    int *q = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int hh = 0, tt = 0;
+    color[1] = 0; q[tt++] = 1;
+    while (hh < tt)
+    {
+        int u = q[hh++];
+        for (int i = head[u]; i != -1; i = next[i])
+        {
+            int v = to[i];
+            if (color[v] == -1)
+            {
+                color[v] = color[u] ^ 1;
+                q[tt++] = v;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    long long a = 0, b = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) if (color[i] == 0) ++a; else ++b;
+    long long ans = a * b - (long long)(n - 1);
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(head); free(to); free(next); free(color); free(q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/124.c

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+typedef struct { int v, w, next; } Edge;
+typedef struct { long long d; int u, m; } HN;
+
+static int n, m, p;
+static int *head;
+static Edge *E;
+static int ec;
+static int *pc, *pa, *pb, *pt;
+
+static HN *heap;
+static int hsz;
+
+static void hpush(HN x)
+{
+    int i = hsz++;
+    heap[i] = x;
+    while (i)
+    {
+        int p = (i - 1) >> 1;
+        if (heap[p].d <= heap[i].d) break;
+        HN t = heap[p]; heap[p] = heap[i]; heap[i] = t; i = p;
+    }
+}
+
+static HN hpop()
+{
+    HN r = heap[0];
+    heap[0] = heap[--hsz];
+    int i = 0;
+    for (;;)
+    {
+        int l = i * 2 + 1, rgt = l + 1, s = i;
+        if (l < hsz && heap[l].d < heap[s].d) s = l;
+        if (rgt < hsz && heap[rgt].d < heap[s].d) s = rgt;
+        if (s == i) break;
+        HN t = heap[i]; heap[i] = heap[s]; heap[s] = t; i = s;
+    }
+    return r;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    if (scanf("%d %d %d", &n, &m, &p) != 3) return 0;
+    head = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    E = (Edge *)malloc(((size_t)m * 2 + 5) * sizeof(Edge));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) head[i] = -1;
+    ec = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        int u, v, w; scanf("%d %d %d", &u, &v, &w);
+        E[ec].v = v; E[ec].w = w; E[ec].next = head[u]; head[u] = ec++;
+        E[ec].v = u; E[ec].w = w; E[ec].next = head[v]; head[v] = ec++;
+    }
+    pc = (int *)malloc(((size_t)p + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    pa = (int *)malloc(((size_t)p + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    pb = (int *)malloc(((size_t)p + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    pt = (int *)malloc(((size_t)p + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 0; i < p; ++i)
+    {
+        int c, a, b, t; scanf("%d %d %d %d", &c, &a, &b, &t);
+        pc[i] = c; pa[i] = a; pb[i] = b; pt[i] = t;
+    }
+    int M = 1 << p;
+    long long *dist = (long long *)malloc(((size_t)n * (size_t)M) * sizeof(long long));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t)n * (size_t)M; ++i) dist[i] = LLONG_MAX;
+    heap = (HN *)malloc(((size_t)n * (size_t)M + 5) * sizeof(HN));
+    hsz = 0;
+    dist[(0) * (size_t)n + (size_t)(1 - 1)] = 0;
+    hpush((HN){0LL, 1, 0});
+    while (hsz)
+    {
+        HN cur = hpop();
+        long long cd = cur.d; int u = cur.u; int mask = cur.m;
+        if (cd != dist[(size_t)mask * (size_t)n + (size_t)(u - 1)]) continue;
+        if (u == n)
+        {
+            printf("%lld\n", cd);
+            free(head); free(E); free(pc); free(pa); free(pb); free(pt); free(dist); free(heap);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        for (int i = head[u]; i != -1; i = E[i].next)
+        {
+            int v = E[i].v; long long nd = cd + (long long)E[i].w;
+            size_t idx = (size_t)mask * (size_t)n + (size_t)(v - 1);
+            if (nd < dist[idx]) { dist[idx] = nd; hpush((HN){nd, v, mask}); }
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < p; ++i)
+        {
+            int bit = 1 << i;
+            if (!(mask & bit) && u == pc[i])
+            {
+                int nmask = mask | bit;
+                size_t idx = (size_t)nmask * (size_t)n + (size_t)(u - 1);
+                if (cd < dist[idx]) { dist[idx] = cd; hpush((HN){cd, u, nmask}); }
+            }
+            if (mask & bit)
+            {
+                if (u == pa[i])
+                {
+                    int v = pb[i]; long long nd = cd + (long long)pt[i];
+                    size_t idx = (size_t)mask * (size_t)n + (size_t)(v - 1);
+                    if (nd < dist[idx]) { dist[idx] = nd; hpush((HN){nd, v, mask}); }
+                }
+                if (u == pb[i])
+                {
+                    int v = pa[i]; long long nd = cd + (long long)pt[i];
+                    size_t idx = (size_t)mask * (size_t)n + (size_t)(v - 1);
+                    if (nd < dist[idx]) { dist[idx] = nd; hpush((HN){nd, v, mask}); }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/125.c

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+typedef struct { int v, w, next; } Edge;
+typedef struct { long long d; int u; } HN;
+
+static long long *dij(int n, int *head, Edge *E, int src)
+{
+    long long *dist = (long long *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(long long));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) dist[i] = LLONG_MAX;
+    HN *heap = (HN *)malloc(((size_t)n * 4 + 5) * sizeof(HN));
+    int hsz = 0;
+    dist[src] = 0; heap[hsz++] = (HN){0, src};
+    for (int i = hsz - 1; i > 0; --i)
+    {
+        int p = (i - 1) >> 1;
+        if (heap[p].d > heap[i].d) { HN t = heap[p]; heap[p] = heap[i]; heap[i] = t; }
+    }
+    while (hsz)
+    {
+        HN cur = heap[0];
+        heap[0] = heap[--hsz];
+        int i = 0;
+        for (;;)
+        {
+            int l = i * 2 + 1, r = l + 1, s = i;
+            if (l < hsz && heap[l].d < heap[s].d) s = l;
+            if (r < hsz && heap[r].d < heap[s].d) s = r;
+            if (s == i) break;
+            HN t = heap[i]; heap[i] = heap[s]; heap[s] = t; i = s;
+        }
+        long long cd = cur.d; int u = cur.u;
+        if (cd != dist[u]) continue;
+        for (int e = head[u]; e != -1; e = E[e].next)
+        {
+            int v = E[e].v; long long nd = cd + (long long)E[e].w;
+            if (nd < dist[v])
+            {
+                dist[v] = nd;
+                int k = hsz++;
+                heap[k] = (HN){nd, v};
+                while (k)
+                {
+                    int p = (k - 1) >> 1;
+                    if (heap[p].d <= heap[k].d) break;
+                    HN t = heap[p]; heap[p] = heap[k]; heap[k] = t; k = p;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    free(heap);
+    return dist;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int N, M, X;
+    if (scanf("%d %d %d", &N, &M, &X) != 3) return 0;
+    int *h1 = (int *)malloc(((size_t)N + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    int *h2 = (int *)malloc(((size_t)N + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    Edge *E1 = (Edge *)malloc(((size_t)M + 5) * sizeof(Edge));
+    Edge *E2 = (Edge *)malloc(((size_t)M + 5) * sizeof(Edge));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= N; ++i) h1[i] = h2[i] = -1;
+    int c1 = 0, c2 = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < M; ++i)
+    {
+        int a, b, t; scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &t);
+        E1[c1].v = b; E1[c1].w = t; E1[c1].next = h1[a]; h1[a] = c1++;
+        E2[c2].v = a; E2[c2].w = t; E2[c2].next = h2[b]; h2[b] = c2++;
+    }
+    long long *dx = dij(N, h1, E1, X);
+    long long *rx = dij(N, h2, E2, X);
+    long long ans = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= N; ++i)
+    {
+        long long a = rx[i]; long long b = dx[i];
+        if (a == LLONG_MAX || b == LLONG_MAX) continue;
+        long long s = a + b;
+        if (s > ans) ans = s;
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(h1); free(h2); free(E1); free(E2); free(dx); free(rx);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/126.c

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef struct { int v, next; } E;
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    int *a = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) scanf("%d", &a[i]);
+    int m = 2 * (n - 1) + n;
+    int *head = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    E *e = (E *)malloc(((size_t)m + 5) * sizeof(E));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) head[i] = -1;
+    int idx = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        e[idx].v = i + 1; e[idx].next = head[i]; head[i] = idx++;
+        e[idx].v = i;     e[idx].next = head[i + 1]; head[i + 1] = idx++;
+    }
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+    {
+        int v = a[i];
+        e[idx].v = v; e[idx].next = head[i]; head[i] = idx++;
+    }
+    int *dist = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) dist[i] = -1;
+    int *q = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int hh = 0, tt = 0; q[tt++] = 1; dist[1] = 0;
+    while (hh < tt)
+    {
+        int u = q[hh++];
+        for (int i = head[u]; i != -1; i = e[i].next)
+        {
+            int v = e[i].v;
+            if (dist[v] == -1)
+            {
+                dist[v] = dist[u] + 1;
+                q[tt++] = v;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+    {
+        if (i > 1) putchar(' ');
+        printf("%d", dist[i]);
+    }
+    putchar('\n');
+    free(a); free(head); free(e); free(dist); free(q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/127.c

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, m; long long L;
+    if (scanf("%d %d %lld", &n, &m, &L) != 3) return 0;
+    long long *dist = (long long *)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * (size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(long long));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+        for (int j = 1; j <= n; ++j)
+            dist[(size_t)i * (n + 1) + j] = (i == j) ? 0LL : LLONG_MAX / 4;
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        int u, v; long long c; scanf("%d %d %lld", &u, &v, &c);
+        long long *d1 = &dist[(size_t)u * (n + 1) + v];
+        long long *d2 = &dist[(size_t)v * (n + 1) + u];
+        if (c < *d1) *d1 = c;
+        if (c < *d2) *d2 = c;
+    }
+    for (int k = 1; k <= n; ++k)
+    {
+        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+        {
+            long long dik = dist[(size_t)i * (n + 1) + k];
+            if (dik == LLONG_MAX / 4) continue;
+            for (int j = 1; j <= n; ++j)
+            {
+                long long skj = dist[(size_t)k * (n + 1) + j];
+                if (skj == LLONG_MAX / 4) continue;
+                long long alt = dik + skj;
+                long long *dij = &dist[(size_t)i * (n + 1) + j];
+                if (alt < *dij) *dij = alt;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    unsigned char *reach = (unsigned char *)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * (size_t)(n + 1));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+        for (int j = 1; j <= n; ++j)
+            reach[(size_t)i * (n + 1) + j] = (dist[(size_t)i * (n + 1) + j] <= L) ? 1 : 0;
+    int *steps = (int *)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * (size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *q = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int s = 1; s <= n; ++s)
+    {
+        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) steps[(size_t)s * (n + 1) + i] = -1;
+        int hh = 0, tt = 0; q[tt++] = s; steps[(size_t)s * (n + 1) + s] = 0;
+        while (hh < tt)
+        {
+            int u = q[hh++];
+            int du = steps[(size_t)s * (n + 1) + u];
+            unsigned char *row = &reach[(size_t)u * (n + 1)];
+            for (int v = 1; v <= n; ++v)
+            {
+                if (u == v) continue;
+                if (row[v] && steps[(size_t)s * (n + 1) + v] == -1)
+                {
+                    steps[(size_t)s * (n + 1) + v] = du + 1;
+                    q[tt++] = v;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    int qn; scanf("%d", &qn);
+    while (qn--)
+    {
+        int s, t; scanf("%d %d", &s, &t);
+        int d = steps[(size_t)s * (n + 1) + t];
+        if (d == -1) puts("-1"); else printf("%d\n", d - 1);
+    }
+    free(dist); free(reach); free(steps); free(q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/128.c

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef struct { int u, v, w; } Edge;
+
+static int cmp_edge(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+    const Edge *x = (const Edge *)a;
+    const Edge *y = (const Edge *)b;
+    return x->w - y->w;
+}
+
+static int find(int *fa, int x)
+{
+    while (fa[x] != x) { fa[x] = fa[fa[x]]; x = fa[x]; }
+    return x;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, k;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &k) != 2) return 0;
+    Edge *E = (Edge *)malloc(((size_t)k + 5) * sizeof(Edge));
+    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) scanf("%d %d %d", &E[i].u, &E[i].v, &E[i].w);
+    qsort(E, (size_t)k, sizeof(Edge), cmp_edge);
+    int *fa = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) fa[i] = i;
+    long long sum = 0;
+    int used = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i)
+    {
+        int fu = find(fa, E[i].u);
+        int fv = find(fa, E[i].v);
+        if (fu != fv)
+        {
+            fa[fu] = fv;
+            sum += E[i].w;
+            ++used;
+            if (used == n - 1) break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (used != n - 1) printf("-1\n"); else printf("%lld\n", sum);
+    free(E); free(fa);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/129.c

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+typedef struct { int u, v, w; } Edge;
+
+static int cmp_desc(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+    const Edge *x = (const Edge *)a;
+    const Edge *y = (const Edge *)b;
+    return y->w - x->w;
+}
+
+static int find(int *fa, int x)
+{
+    while (fa[x] != x) { fa[x] = fa[fa[x]]; x = fa[x]; }
+    return x;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2) return 0;
+    Edge *E = (Edge *)malloc(((size_t)m + 5) * sizeof(Edge));
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) scanf("%d %d %d", &E[i].u, &E[i].v, &E[i].w);
+    qsort(E, (size_t)m, sizeof(Edge), cmp_desc);
+    int *fa = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) fa[i] = i;
+    int *head = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) head[i] = -1;
+    int *to = (int *)malloc(((size_t)(n - 1) * 2 + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int *wt = (int *)malloc(((size_t)(n - 1) * 2 + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int *next = (int *)malloc(((size_t)(n - 1) * 2 + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int idx = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        int fu = find(fa, E[i].u);
+        int fv = find(fa, E[i].v);
+        if (fu != fv)
+        {
+            fa[fu] = fv;
+            to[idx] = E[i].v; wt[idx] = E[i].w; next[idx] = head[E[i].u]; head[E[i].u] = idx++;
+            to[idx] = E[i].u; wt[idx] = E[i].w; next[idx] = head[E[i].v]; head[E[i].v] = idx++;
+        }
+    }
+    int LOG = 15;
+    int *depth = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) depth[i] = -1;
+    int *up = (int *)malloc((size_t)LOG * (size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *mn = (int *)malloc((size_t)LOG * (size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *q = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+    {
+        if (depth[i] != -1) continue;
+        int hh = 0, tt = 0; q[tt++] = i; depth[i] = 0; up[i] = i; mn[i] = INT_MAX;
+        while (hh < tt)
+        {
+            int u = q[hh++];
+            for (int e = head[u]; e != -1; e = next[e])
+            {
+                int v = to[e];
+                if (depth[v] == -1)
+                {
+                    depth[v] = depth[u] + 1;
+                    up[v] = u;
+                    mn[v] = wt[e];
+                    q[tt++] = v;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (int k = 1; k < LOG; ++k)
+    {
+        for (int v = 1; v <= n; ++v)
+        {
+            int p = up[(k - 1) * (n + 1) + v];
+            up[k * (n + 1) + v] = up[(k - 1) * (n + 1) + p];
+            int a = mn[(k - 1) * (n + 1) + v];
+            int b = mn[(k - 1) * (n + 1) + p];
+            mn[k * (n + 1) + v] = (a < b) ? a : b;
+        }
+    }
+    int qn; scanf("%d", &qn);
+    while (qn--)
+    {
+        int x, y; scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);
+        if (find(fa, x) != find(fa, y)) { puts("-1"); continue; }
+        int res = INT_MAX;
+        if (depth[x] < depth[y]) { int t = x; x = y; y = t; }
+        int diff = depth[x] - depth[y];
+        for (int k = LOG - 1; k >= 1; --k)
+        {
+            int step = 1 << k;
+            if (diff >= step)
+            {
+                int val = mn[k * (n + 1) + x];
+                if (val < res) res = val;
+                x = up[k * (n + 1) + x];
+                diff -= step;
+            }
+        }
+        if (diff)
+        {
+            int val = mn[x]; if (val < res) res = val; x = up[x];
+        }
+        if (x == y) { printf("%d\n", res); continue; }
+        for (int k = LOG - 1; k >= 1; --k)
+        {
+            int ux = up[k * (n + 1) + x];
+            int uy = up[k * (n + 1) + y];
+            if (ux != uy)
+            {
+                int vx = mn[k * (n + 1) + x]; if (vx < res) res = vx;
+                int vy = mn[k * (n + 1) + y]; if (vy < res) res = vy;
+                x = ux; y = uy;
+            }
+        }
+        int vx = mn[x]; if (vx < res) res = vx; x = up[x];
+        int vy = mn[y]; if (vy < res) res = vy; y = up[y];
+        printf("%d\n", res);
+    }
+    free(E); free(fa); free(head); free(to); free(wt); free(next); free(depth); free(up); free(mn); free(q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/13.c

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#endif
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+// 二叉树节点定义
+typedef struct BiTNode {
+    char data;
+    struct BiTNode *lchild;
+    struct BiTNode *rchild;
+} BiTNode, *BiTree;
+
+static void CreateBiTree(BiTree *T) {
+    char ch;
+    if (scanf(" %c", &ch) != 1) {
+        *T = NULL;
+        return;
+    }
+    if (ch == '#') {
+        *T = NULL;
+    } else {
+        *T = (BiTNode *)malloc(sizeof(BiTNode));
+        if (!*T) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "内存分配失败\n");
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+        (*T)->data = ch;
+        CreateBiTree(&(*T)->lchild);
+        CreateBiTree(&(*T)->rchild);
+    }
+}
+
+static void PreOrderTraverse(BiTree T) {
+    if (T) {
+        putchar(T->data);
+        putchar(' ');
+        PreOrderTraverse(T->lchild);
+        PreOrderTraverse(T->rchild);
+    }
+}
+
+static void InOrderTraverse(BiTree T) {
+    if (T) {
+        InOrderTraverse(T->lchild);
+        putchar(T->data);
+        putchar(' ');
+        InOrderTraverse(T->rchild);
+    }
+}
+
+static void PostOrderTraverse(BiTree T) {
+    if (T) {
+        PostOrderTraverse(T->lchild);
+        PostOrderTraverse(T->rchild);
+        putchar(T->data);
+        putchar(' ');
+    }
+}
+
+static void DestroyTree(BiTree T) {
+    if (!T) return;
+    DestroyTree(T->lchild);
+    DestroyTree(T->rchild);
+    free(T);
+}
+
+static void PrintMenu(void) {
+    printf("\n--- 选择遍历方式 ---\n");
+    printf("1. 先序遍历\n");
+    printf("2. 中序遍历\n");
+    printf("3. 后序遍历\n");
+    printf("4. 退出\n");
+    printf("请输入选择 (1-4): ");
+}
+
+int main() {
+    // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8,防止中文乱码
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul"); // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);  // 设置控制台输出编码
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);        // 设置控制台输入编码
+#endif
+
+    // 初始化二叉树
+    BiTree T = NULL;
+    int choice = 0;
+
+    printf("=== 链式二叉树遍历系统 ===\n");
+    printf("请输入先序扩展序列构建二叉树（# 表示空节点，例如 AB#C##D##）：\n");
+    // 构建二叉树
+    CreateBiTree(&T);
+
+    // 主循环处理用户选择
+    while (choice != 4)
+    {
+        PrintMenu();
+        if (scanf("%d", &choice) != 1)
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "输入错误，程序结束。\n");
+            break;
+        }
+        switch (choice)
+        {
+        case 1:
+            // 先序遍历
+            printf("先序遍历结果: ");
+            PreOrderTraverse(T);
+            putchar('\n');
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            // 中序遍历
+            printf("中序遍历结果: ");
+            InOrderTraverse(T);
+            putchar('\n');
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            // 后序遍历
+            printf("后序遍历结果: ");
+            PostOrderTraverse(T);
+            putchar('\n');
+            break;
+        case 4:
+            printf("程序已退出。\n");
+            break;
+        default:
+            printf("无效输入，请输入 1~4 之间的数字！\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 销毁二叉树
+    DestroyTree(T);
+
+    return 0;  
+}

exercise/exercise/130.c

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef struct { int u, v; int w; } E;
+
+static int cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+    const E *x = (const E *)a; const E *y = (const E *)b;
+    return (x->w < y->w) ? -1 : (x->w > y->w);
+}
+
+static int find(int *fa, int x)
+{
+    while (fa[x] != x) { fa[x] = fa[fa[x]]; x = fa[x]; }
+    return x;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, k;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &k) != 2) return 0;
+    int *X = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    int *Y = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) scanf("%d %d", &X[i], &Y[i]);
+    size_t m = (size_t)n * (size_t)(n - 1) / 2;
+    E *edges = (E *)malloc((m + 5) * sizeof(E));
+    size_t idx = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+    {
+        for (int j = i + 1; j <= n; ++j)
+        {
+            long long dx = (long long)X[i] - (long long)X[j];
+            long long dy = (long long)Y[i] - (long long)Y[j];
+            long long w = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+            edges[idx].u = i; edges[idx].v = j; edges[idx].w = (int)w; ++idx;
+        }
+    }
+    qsort(edges, idx, sizeof(E), cmp);
+    int *fa = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 2) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) fa[i] = i;
+    int comps = n;
+    double ans = 0.0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < idx; ++i)
+    {
+        int u = edges[i].u, v = edges[i].v;
+        int fu = find(fa, u), fv = find(fa, v);
+        if (fu != fv)
+        {
+            if (comps > k)
+            {
+                fa[fu] = fv;
+                --comps;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ans = (double)edges[i].w;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    printf("%.2f\n", ans);
+    free(X); free(Y); free(edges); free(fa);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/131.c

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static int M, N;
+static int CAP;
+static int *ks, *kn, *kf;
+static long long *kv;
+
+static long long dfs(int s, int f, int cur)
+{
+    if (cur == 0)
+        return (s == 0 && f == 0) ? 1LL : 0LL;
+    if (s == 0 && f == 0)
+        return (cur == 0) ? 1LL : 0LL;
+    int h = (((s * 37 + f) * 99991) ^ cur) & (CAP - 1);
+    for (;;)
+    {
+        if (ks[h] == -1)
+            break;
+        if (ks[h] == s && kn[h] == f && kf[h] == cur)
+            return kv[h];
+        h = (h + 1) & (CAP - 1);
+    }
+    long long ans = 0;
+    if (s > 0)
+        ans += dfs(s - 1, f, cur * 2);
+    if (f > 0 && cur >= 2)
+        ans += dfs(s, f - 1, cur - 2);
+    ks[h] = s; kn[h] = f; kf[h] = cur; kv[h] = ans;
+    return ans;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &M, &N) != 2) return 0;
+    CAP = 1 << 20;
+    ks = (int *)malloc((size_t)CAP * sizeof(int));
+    kn = (int *)malloc((size_t)CAP * sizeof(int));
+    kf = (int *)malloc((size_t)CAP * sizeof(int));
+    kv = (long long *)malloc((size_t)CAP * sizeof(long long));
+    for (int i = 0; i < CAP; ++i) ks[i] = -1;
+    long long ans = dfs(M, N, 5);
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(ks); free(kn); free(kf); free(kv);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/132.c

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+static int n, m;
+static int cur[25];
+
+static void dfs(int start, int k)
+{
+    if (k == m)
+    {
+        for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+        {
+            if (i) putchar(' ');
+            printf("%d", cur[i]);
+        }
+        putchar('\n');
+        return;
+    }
+    for (int i = start; i <= n - (m - k) + 1; ++i)
+    {
+        cur[k] = i;
+        dfs(i + 1, k + 1);
+    }
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2) return 0;
+    dfs(1, 0);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/133.c

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static long long target;
+static int L;
+static int K;
+static int found;
+static long long ans;
+
+static void gen(int pos, int c4, int c7, long long cur)
+{
+    if (found) return;
+    if (pos == L)
+    {
+        if (c4 == K && c7 == K && cur >= target)
+        {
+            ans = cur;
+            found = 1;
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    if (c4 < K) gen(pos + 1, c4 + 1, c7, cur * 10 + 4);
+    if (!found && c7 < K) gen(pos + 1, c4, c7 + 1, cur * 10 + 7);
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    long long n;
+    if (scanf("%lld", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    target = n;
+    int len = 0; long long t = n;
+    while (t) { ++len; t /= 10; }
+    if (len == 0) len = 1;
+    if ((len & 1) == 1)
+    {
+        L = len + 1; K = L / 2;
+        long long cur = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < K; ++i) cur = cur * 10 + 4;
+        for (int i = 0; i < K; ++i) cur = cur * 10 + 7;
+        printf("%lld\n", cur);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    L = len; K = L / 2; found = 0; ans = 0;
+    gen(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    if (found)
+    {
+        printf("%lld\n", ans);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    L = len + 2; K = L / 2;
+    long long cur = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < K; ++i) cur = cur * 10 + 4;
+    for (int i = 0; i < K; ++i) cur = cur * 10 + 7;
+    printf("%lld\n", cur);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/134.c

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static int CAP;
+static int *K;
+
+static int add(int x)
+{
+    int h = (x * 1315423911u) & (CAP - 1);
+    for (;;)
+    {
+        if (K[h] == -1) { K[h] = x; return 1; }
+        if (K[h] == x) return 0;
+        h = (h + 1) & (CAP - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    CAP = 1 << 18;
+    K = (int *)malloc((size_t)CAP * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 0; i < CAP; ++i) K[i] = -1;
+    int *q = (int *)malloc(1024 * sizeof(int));
+    int hh = 0, tt = 0;
+    add(n); q[tt++] = n;
+    int cnt = 1;
+    while (hh < tt)
+    {
+        int x = q[hh++];
+        int t = x;
+        while (t >= 10) t /= 10;
+        int h = t;
+        int m = h / 2;
+        int d = 1, y = x;
+        while (y >= 10) { d *= 10; y /= 10; }
+        for (int k = 1; k <= m; ++k)
+        {
+            int v = k * d * 10 + x;
+            if (add(v)) { if (tt < 1024) q[tt++] = v; ++cnt; }
+        }
+    }
+    printf("%d\n", cnt);
+    free(K); free(q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/135.c

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int K, N, M;
+    if (scanf("%d %d %d", &K, &N, &M) != 3) return 0;
+    int total = K * N * M;
+    char *A = (char *)malloc((size_t)total);
+    for (int z = 0; z < K; ++z)
+        for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+            for (int j = 0; j < M; ++j)
+            {
+                char c;
+                do { if (scanf(" %c", &c) != 1) return 0; } while (c != '.' && c != '#');
+                A[z * N * M + i * M + j] = c;
+            }
+    int sx, sy; if (scanf("%d %d", &sx, &sy) != 2) return 0;
+    int *q = (int *)malloc((size_t)(total + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    unsigned char *vis = (unsigned char *)malloc((size_t)total);
+    for (int i = 0; i < total; ++i) vis[i] = 0;
+    int hh = 0, tt = 0;
+    int sidx = 0 * N * M + (sx - 1) * M + (sy - 1);
+    q[tt++] = sidx; vis[sidx] = 1;
+    int infected = 1;
+    const int dz[6] = {1,-1,0,0,0,0};
+    const int dx[6] = {0,0,1,-1,0,0};
+    const int dy[6] = {0,0,0,0,1,-1};
+    while (hh < tt)
+    {
+        int idx = q[hh++];
+        int z = idx / (N * M);
+        int rem = idx % (N * M);
+        int x = rem / M;
+        int y = rem % M;
+        for (int d = 0; d < 6; ++d)
+        {
+            int nz = z + dz[d];
+            int nx = x + dx[d];
+            int ny = y + dy[d];
+            if (nz < 0 || nz >= K || nx < 0 || nx >= N || ny < 0 || ny >= M) continue;
+            int nidx = nz * N * M + nx * M + ny;
+            if (vis[nidx]) continue;
+            if (A[nidx] == '.')
+            {
+                vis[nidx] = 1;
+                q[tt++] = nidx;
+                ++infected;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    printf("%d\n", infected);
+    free(A); free(q); free(vis);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/136.c

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    int *a = (int *)malloc((size_t)n * (size_t)n * sizeof(int));
+    int sx = -1, sy = -1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
+        {
+            int v; scanf("%d", &v);
+            a[i * n + j] = v;
+            if (v == 2) { sx = i; sy = j; }
+        }
+    }
+    int *dist = (int *)malloc((size_t)n * (size_t)n * sizeof(int));
+    unsigned char *vis = (unsigned char *)malloc((size_t)n * (size_t)n);
+    for (int i = 0; i < n * n; ++i) { dist[i] = -1; vis[i] = 0; }
+    int *q = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n * (size_t)n + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int hh = 0, tt = 0;
+    int sidx = sx * n + sy;
+    dist[sidx] = 0; vis[sidx] = 1; q[tt++] = sidx;
+    const int dx[4] = {1,-1,0,0};
+    const int dy[4] = {0,0,1,-1};
+    while (hh < tt)
+    {
+        int idx = q[hh++];
+        int x = idx / n; int y = idx % n;
+        for (int d = 0; d < 4; ++d)
+        {
+            int nx = x + dx[d]; int ny = y + dy[d];
+            if (nx < 0) nx = n - 1; else if (nx >= n) nx = 0;
+            if (ny < 0) ny = n - 1; else if (ny >= n) ny = 0;
+            int nidx = nx * n + ny;
+            if (vis[nidx]) continue;
+            if (a[nidx] == 0) continue;
+            vis[nidx] = 1;
+            dist[nidx] = dist[idx] + 1;
+            q[tt++] = nidx;
+        }
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
+        {
+            int idx = i * n + j;
+            int out = (dist[idx] <= 0) ? 0 : dist[idx];
+            if (j) putchar(' ');
+            printf("%d", out);
+        }
+        putchar('\n');
+    }
+    free(a); free(dist); free(vis); free(q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/137.c

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static int len0;
+
+static int get_len(int x){ int c = 0; do { ++c; x /= 10; } while (x); return c; }
+
+static int has_zero(int x){ while (x){ if (x % 10 == 0) return 1; x /= 10; } return 0; }
+
+static void to_digits(int x, int *d, int *L){ int t = x; int l = get_len(x); *L = l; for (int i = l - 1; i >= 0; --i){ d[i] = t % 10; t /= 10; } }
+
+static int from_digits(int *d, int L){ int v = 0; for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i) v = v * 10 + d[i]; return v; }
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int s; if (scanf("%d", &s) != 1) return 0;
+    len0 = get_len(s);
+    int m; scanf("%d", &m);
+    int *dist = (int *)malloc(100000 * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) dist[i] = -1;
+    int *q = (int *)malloc(70000 * sizeof(int));
+    int hh = 0, tt = 0;
+    dist[s] = 0; q[tt++] = s;
+    int d[6], tmp[6];
+    while (hh < tt)
+    {
+        int x = q[hh++];
+        int L; to_digits(x, d, &L);
+        for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i)
+        {
+            for (int j = i + 1; j < L; ++j)
+            {
+                for (int k = 0; k < L; ++k) tmp[k] = d[k];
+                int t = tmp[i]; tmp[i] = tmp[j]; tmp[j] = t;
+                int y = from_digits(tmp, L);
+                if (dist[y] == -1){ dist[y] = dist[x] + 1; q[tt++] = y; }
+            }
+        }
+        if (L >= 2)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i)
+            {
+                int p = 0; for (int k = 0; k < L; ++k){ if (k == i) continue; tmp[p++] = d[k]; }
+                int y = from_digits(tmp, L - 1);
+                if (dist[y] == -1){ dist[y] = dist[x] + 1; q[tt++] = y; }
+            }
+        }
+        if (L + 1 <= len0)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < L - 1; ++i)
+            {
+                if (d[i] < d[i + 1])
+                {
+                    for (int xdig = d[i] + 1; xdig <= d[i + 1] - 1; ++xdig)
+                    {
+                        int p = 0; for (int k = 0; k <= i; ++k) tmp[p++] = d[k]; tmp[p++] = xdig; for (int k = i + 1; k < L; ++k) tmp[p++] = d[k];
+                        int y = from_digits(tmp, L + 1);
+                        if (dist[y] == -1){ dist[y] = dist[x] + 1; q[tt++] = y; }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        int t; scanf("%d", &t);
+        if (get_len(t) > len0 || has_zero(t)) { printf("-1\n"); continue; }
+        printf("%d\n", dist[t]);
+    }
+    free(dist); free(q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/138.c

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, k;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &k) != 2)
+        return 0;
+    char *t = (char *)malloc((size_t)n + 5);
+    scanf("%s", t);
+    int *pi = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n) * sizeof(int));
+    pi[0] = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        int j = pi[i - 1];
+        while (j > 0 && t[i] != t[j])
+            j = pi[j - 1];
+        if (t[i] == t[j])
+            ++j;
+        pi[i] = j;
+    }
+    int L = pi[n - 1];
+    int add = n - L;
+    size_t total = (size_t)n + (size_t)(k - 1) * (size_t)add;
+    char *s = (char *)malloc(total + 1);
+    memcpy(s, t, (size_t)n);
+    size_t pos = (size_t)n;
+    for (int i = 1; i < k; ++i)
+    {
+        memcpy(s + pos, t + L, (size_t)add);
+        pos += (size_t)add;
+    }
+    s[total] = '\0';
+    printf("%s\n", s);
+    free(t);
+    free(pi);
+    free(s);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/139.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    char *s = (char *)malloc(1000005);
+    if (scanf("%1000000s", s) != 1) return 0;
+    int n = (int)strlen(s);
+    int *pi = (int *)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(int));
+    pi[0] = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        int j = pi[i - 1];
+        while (j > 0 && s[i] != s[j]) j = pi[j - 1];
+        if (s[i] == s[j]) ++j;
+        pi[i] = j;
+    }
+    int L = pi[n - 1];
+    int mx = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) if (pi[i] > mx) mx = pi[i];
+    while (L > 0 && mx < L) L = pi[L - 1];
+    if (L == 0)
+    {
+        printf("Just a legend\n");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        s[L] = '\0';
+        printf("%s\n", s);
+    }
+    free(pi); free(s);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/14.c

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// 二叉树先序遍历（给出每个结点的左右孩子编号）
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r 表示结点 i 的左右孩子编号（0 表示空）
+// 根节点固定为 1。输出：先序遍历序列（每个数字后均有一个空格）。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 迭代版先序遍历，避免最坏情况下递归栈溢出（n 可达 1e5）
+    int *stack = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int top = 0;
+    stack[top++] = 1; // 根节点编号为 1
+
+    while (top) {
+        int u = stack[--top];
+        if (u == 0) continue;
+        printf("%d ", u);
+        // 先压右再压左，保证左子树先被访问
+        if (R[u]) stack[top++] = R[u];
+        if (L[u]) stack[top++] = L[u];
+    }
+
+    free(stack);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/140.c

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2) return 0;
+    int *nxt = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *vis = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) { nxt[i] = 0; vis[i] = 0; }
+    int stamp = 1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        char op;
+        int x, y;
+        if (scanf(" %c %d %d", &op, &x, &y) != 3) return 0;
+        if (op == 'A')
+        {
+            nxt[x] = y;
+            if (nxt[y] == x) nxt[y] = 0;
+        }
+        else if (op == 'Q')
+        {
+            ++stamp;
+            int v = x;
+            while (v && vis[v] != stamp)
+            {
+                vis[v] = stamp;
+                if (v == y) break;
+                v = nxt[v];
+            }
+            if (v == y) puts("Yes"); else puts("No");
+        }
+    }
+    free(nxt); free(vis);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/141.c

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, q;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &q) != 2) return 0;
+    int *next = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) next[i] = (i == n) ? 1 : (i + 1);
+    int cur = 1, prev = n;
+    while (next[cur] != cur)
+    {
+        for (int c = 1; c < q; ++c)
+        {
+            prev = cur;
+            cur = next[cur];
+        }
+        next[prev] = next[cur];
+        cur = next[cur];
+    }
+    printf("%d\n", cur);
+    free(next);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/142.c

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+typedef struct Node {
+    int id;
+    char name[32];
+    char gender[4];
+    char birth[16];
+    int zip;
+    char addr[64];
+    long long qq;
+    long long phone;
+    struct Node *next;
+} Node;
+
+static void read_rec(Node *p)
+{
+    char g[8];
+    scanf("%d %31s %7s %15s %d %63s %lld %lld", &p->id, p->name, g, p->birth, &p->zip, p->addr, &p->qq, &p->phone);
+    strcpy(p->gender, g);
+}
+
+static void print_rec(Node *p)
+{
+    printf("%d %s %s %s %d %s %lld %lld\n", p->id, p->name, p->gender, p->birth, p->zip, p->addr, p->qq, p->phone);
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int cnt; if (scanf("%d", &cnt) != 1) return 0;
+    Node *head = NULL, *tail = NULL;
+    for (int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i)
+    {
+        Node *p = (Node *)malloc(sizeof(Node));
+        read_rec(p); p->next = NULL;
+        if (!head) head = tail = p; else { tail->next = p; tail = p; }
+    }
+    int op; scanf("%d", &op);
+    if (op == 1)
+    {
+        Node *p = (Node *)malloc(sizeof(Node));
+        read_rec(p); p->next = NULL;
+        if (!head) head = tail = p; else { tail->next = p; tail = p; }
+        printf("The records is:\n");
+        int sz = 0; for (Node *q = head; q; q = q->next) ++sz;
+        Node **arr = (Node **)malloc((size_t)sz * sizeof(Node *));
+        int idx = 0; for (Node *q = head; q; q = q->next) arr[idx++] = q;
+        for (int i = sz - 1; i >= 0; --i) print_rec(arr[i]);
+        free(arr);
+    }
+    else if (op == 2)
+    {
+        int did; scanf("%d", &did);
+        Node *prev = NULL, *cur = head;
+        while (cur && cur->id != did) { prev = cur; cur = cur->next; }
+        if (cur)
+        {
+            if (prev) prev->next = cur->next; else head = cur->next;
+            if (tail == cur) tail = prev;
+            free(cur);
+        }
+        printf("The records is:\n");
+        int sz = 0; for (Node *q = head; q; q = q->next) ++sz;
+        Node **arr = (Node **)malloc((size_t)sz * sizeof(Node *));
+        int idx = 0; for (Node *q = head; q; q = q->next) arr[idx++] = q;
+        for (int i = sz - 1; i >= 0; --i) print_rec(arr[i]);
+        free(arr);
+    }
+    else if (op == 3)
+    {
+        int fid; scanf("%d", &fid);
+        Node *cur = head;
+        while (cur && cur->id != fid) cur = cur->next;
+        if (cur) print_rec(cur); else printf("not found\n");
+    }
+    else if (op == 4)
+    {
+        printf("The records is:\n");
+        int sz = 0; for (Node *q = head; q; q = q->next) ++sz;
+        Node **arr = (Node **)malloc((size_t)sz * sizeof(Node *));
+        int idx = 0; for (Node *q = head; q; q = q->next) arr[idx++] = q;
+        for (int i = sz - 1; i >= 0; --i) print_rec(arr[i]);
+        free(arr);
+    }
+    for (Node *q = head; q; ) { Node *nq = q->next; free(q); q = nq; }
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/143.c

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef struct { int c; int e; } T;
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2) return 0;
+    T *A = (T *)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(T));
+    T *B = (T *)malloc((size_t)m * sizeof(T));
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) scanf("%d %d", &A[i].c, &A[i].e);
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) scanf("%d %d", &B[i].c, &B[i].e);
+    int i = 0, j = 0;
+    while (i < n && j < m)
+    {
+        if (A[i].e == B[j].e)
+        {
+            int c = A[i].c + B[j].c;
+            if (c != 0) printf("%d %d\n", c, A[i].e);
+            ++i; ++j;
+        }
+        else if (A[i].e < B[j].e)
+        {
+            if (A[i].c != 0) printf("%d %d\n", A[i].c, A[i].e);
+            ++i;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (B[j].c != 0) printf("%d %d\n", B[j].c, B[j].e);
+            ++j;
+        }
+    }
+    while (i < n) { if (A[i].c != 0) printf("%d %d\n", A[i].c, A[i].e); ++i; }
+    while (j < m) { if (B[j].c != 0) printf("%d %d\n", B[j].c, B[j].e); ++j; }
+    free(A); free(B);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/144.c

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+static uint64_t getv(FILE *f, int idx)
+{
+    uint64_t v;
+    long off = (long)idx * (long)sizeof(uint64_t);
+    fseek(f, off, SEEK_SET);
+    fread(&v, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, f);
+    return v;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    FILE *f = tmpfile();
+    if (!f) return 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        unsigned long long x; scanf("%llu", &x);
+        fwrite(&x, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, f);
+    }
+    int *st = (int *)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(int));
+    int top = 0;
+    long long ans = 0;
+    size_t B = 1 << 20;
+    uint64_t *buf = (uint64_t *)malloc(B * sizeof(uint64_t));
+    long long pos = (long long)n - 1;
+    while (pos >= 0)
+    {
+        size_t take = (pos + 1 < (long long)B) ? (size_t)(pos + 1) : B;
+        long long start = pos - (long long)take + 1;
+        long off = (long)(start * (long long)sizeof(uint64_t));
+        fseek(f, off, SEEK_SET);
+        fread(buf, sizeof(uint64_t), take, f);
+        for (long long p = (long long)take - 1; p >= 0; --p)
+        {
+            int i = (int)(start + p);
+            uint64_t h = buf[p];
+            while (top > 0)
+            {
+                uint64_t t = getv(f, st[top - 1]);
+                if (t < h) --top; else break;
+            }
+            if (top > 0) ans += (long long)(st[top - 1] - i - 1);
+            else ans += (long long)(n - 1 - i);
+            st[top++] = i;
+        }
+        pos = start - 1;
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(st); free(buf); fclose(f);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/145.c

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    long long *st = (long long *)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(long long));
+    int top = 0;
+    long long ans = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        long long d, h; scanf("%lld %lld", &d, &h);
+        while (top > 0 && st[top - 1] > h) --top;
+        if (h > 0 && (top == 0 || st[top - 1] < h)) { st[top++] = h; ++ans; }
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(st);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/146.c

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static const long long MOD = 99887765LL;
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n; long long x;
+    if (scanf("%d %lld", &n, &x) != 2) return 0;
+    int *a = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) scanf("%d", &a[i]);
+    int *st = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int top = 0;
+    long long ans = 0;
+    long long xmod = x % MOD; if (xmod < 0) xmod += MOD;
+    long long pw = 1;
+    for (int i = n; i >= 0; --i)
+    {
+        while (top > 0 && a[st[top - 1]] >= a[i]) --top;
+        int bi = (top > 0) ? a[st[top - 1]] : 0;
+        long long bmi = bi % MOD; if (bmi < 0) bmi += MOD;
+        ans += (bmi * pw) % MOD;
+        ans %= MOD;
+        if (i > 0) { pw = (pw * xmod) % MOD; }
+        st[top++] = i;
+    }
+    if (ans < 0) ans += MOD;
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(a); free(st);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/147.c

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2) return 0;
+    if (m == 0) { printf("0\n"); return 0; }
+    long long *a = (long long *)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(long long));
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) scanf("%lld", &a[i]);
+    long long *p = (long long *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(long long));
+    p[0] = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) p[i] = p[i - 1] + a[i - 1];
+    int *dq = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int head = 0, tail = 0;
+    dq[tail++] = 0;
+    long long ans = p[1] - p[0];
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+    {
+        while (head < tail && dq[head] < i - m) ++head;
+        if (head < tail)
+        {
+            long long val = p[i] - p[dq[head]];
+            if (val > ans) ans = val;
+        }
+        while (head < tail && p[dq[tail - 1]] >= p[i]) --tail;
+        dq[tail++] = i;
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(a); free(p); free(dq);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/148.c

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef struct { long long x, y; } P;
+
+static int cmpx(const void *a, const void *b){ const P *pa=a, *pb=b; if (pa->x<pb->x) return -1; if (pa->x>pb->x) return 1; return 0; }
+
+static int ok(P *p, int n, long long W, long long D)
+{
+    int *qmax = (int *)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(int));
+    int *qmin = (int *)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(int));
+    int hmax=0,tmax=0,hmin=0,tmin=0;
+    int l=0;
+    for (int r=0;r<n;++r)
+    {
+        while (tmax>hmax && p[qmax[tmax-1]].y<=p[r].y) --tmax;
+        qmax[tmax++]=r;
+        while (tmin>hmin && p[qmin[tmin-1]].y>=p[r].y) --tmin;
+        qmin[tmin++]=r;
+        while (p[r].x - p[l].x > W)
+        {
+            if (hmax<tmax && qmax[hmax]==l) ++hmax;
+            if (hmin<tmin && qmin[hmin]==l) ++hmin;
+            ++l;
+        }
+        if (tmax>hmax && tmin>hmin)
+        {
+            long long mx = p[qmax[hmax]].y;
+            long long mn = p[qmin[hmin]].y;
+            if (mx - mn >= D) { free(qmax); free(qmin); return 1; }
+        }
+    }
+    free(qmax); free(qmin); return 0;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int N; long long D;
+    if (scanf("%d %lld", &N, &D) != 2) return 0;
+    P *p = (P *)malloc((size_t)N * sizeof(P));
+    for (int i=0;i<N;++i) scanf("%lld %lld", &p[i].x, &p[i].y);
+    qsort(p, N, sizeof(P), cmpx);
+    long long L=0, R=0;
+    if (N>0) R = p[N-1].x - p[0].x;
+    long long ans=-1;
+    long long lo=L, hi=R;
+    while (lo<=hi)
+    {
+        long long mid = lo + ((hi - lo) >> 1);
+        if (ok(p, N, mid, D)) { ans = mid; hi = mid - 1; }
+        else lo = mid + 1;
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(p);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/149.c

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef long long LL;
+
+static LL *low, *up; // max-heap(low), min-heap(up)
+static int szLow, szUp;
+static LL *qarr; static int qh, qt;
+
+static LL *delKeys; static unsigned char *delUsed; static int DEL_CAP;
+
+static unsigned int h64(LL x){ unsigned long long u = (unsigned long long)x; u ^= u >> 33; u *= 0xff51afd7ed558ccdULL; u ^= u >> 33; u *= 0xc4ceb9fe1a85aa39ULL; u ^= u >> 33; return (unsigned int)u; }
+
+static void delInit(void){ DEL_CAP = 1<<20; delKeys = (LL*)malloc((size_t)DEL_CAP * sizeof(LL)); delUsed = (unsigned char*)malloc((size_t)DEL_CAP); for (int i=0;i<DEL_CAP;++i) delUsed[i]=0; }
+static void delClear(void){ for (int i=0;i<DEL_CAP;++i) delUsed[i]=0; }
+static void delMark(LL x){ unsigned int m = DEL_CAP-1; unsigned int h = h64(x) & m; while (delUsed[h] && delKeys[h]!=x){ h=(h+1)&m; } delKeys[h]=x; delUsed[h]=1; }
+static int delHas(LL x){ unsigned int m = DEL_CAP-1; unsigned int h = h64(x) & m; while (delUsed[h]){ if (delKeys[h]==x) return 1; h=(h+1)&m; } return 0; }
+
+static void maxPush(LL *a, int *n, LL v){ int i=*n; a[i]=v; (*n)++; while (i>0){ int p=(i-1)/2; if (a[p] >= a[i]) break; LL t=a[p]; a[p]=a[i]; a[i]=t; i=p; } }
+static LL maxTop(LL *a, int n){ return n? a[0] : 0; }
+static void maxPop(LL *a, int *n){ int s=*n; if (s==0) return; a[0]=a[s-1]; (*n)--; s=*n; int i=0; while (1){ int l=2*i+1, r=2*i+2, b=i; if (l<s && a[l]>a[b]) b=l; if (r<s && a[r]>a[b]) b=r; if (b==i) break; LL t=a[i]; a[i]=a[b]; a[b]=t; i=b; } }
+
+static void minPush(LL *a, int *n, LL v){ int i=*n; a[i]=v; (*n)++; while (i>0){ int p=(i-1)/2; if (a[p] <= a[i]) break; LL t=a[p]; a[p]=a[i]; a[i]=t; i=p; } }
+static LL minTop(LL *a, int n){ return n? a[0] : 0; }
+static void minPop(LL *a, int *n){ int s=*n; if (s==0) return; a[0]=a[s-1]; (*n)--; s=*n; int i=0; while (1){ int l=2*i+1, r=2*i+2, b=i; if (l<s && a[l]<a[b]) b=l; if (r<s && a[r]<a[b]) b=r; if (b==i) break; LL t=a[i]; a[i]=a[b]; a[b]=t; i=b; } }
+
+static void pruneLow(void){ while (szLow>0){ LL v = maxTop(low, szLow); if (!delHas(v)) break; maxPop(low, &szLow); }
+}
+static void pruneUp(void){ while (szUp>0){ LL v = minTop(up, szUp); if (!delHas(v)) break; minPop(up, &szUp); }
+}
+
+static int mcount(void){ return szLow + szUp; }
+static int targetK(void){ int m = mcount(); return m/2 + 1; }
+
+static void rebalance(void)
+{
+    pruneLow(); pruneUp();
+    int k = targetK();
+    while (szLow > 0 && szLow > k){ LL v = maxTop(low, szLow); maxPop(low, &szLow); minPush(up, &szUp, v); pruneLow(); }
+    while (szUp > 0 && szLow < k){ LL v = minTop(up, szUp); minPop(up, &szUp); maxPush(low, &szLow, v); pruneUp(); }
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    delInit();
+    int n; int cas=1; while (scanf("%d", &n)==1)
+    {
+        int cap = n + 5;
+        low = (LL*)malloc((size_t)cap * sizeof(LL));
+        up  = (LL*)malloc((size_t)cap * sizeof(LL));
+        qarr= (LL*)malloc((size_t)cap * sizeof(LL));
+        szLow=szUp=0; qh=0; qt=0;
+        delClear();
+        printf("Case #%d:\n", cas++);
+        for (int i=0;i<n;++i)
+        {
+            char op[16];
+            if (scanf("%15s", op)!=1) return 0;
+            if (op[0]=='i')
+            {
+                LL x; scanf("%lld", &x);
+                qarr[qt++]=x;
+                pruneLow();
+                if (szLow==0){ maxPush(low, &szLow, x); }
+                else{
+                    LL med = maxTop(low, szLow);
+                    if (x <= med) maxPush(low, &szLow, x);
+                    else minPush(up, &szUp, x);
+                }
+                rebalance();
+            }
+            else if (op[0]=='o')
+            {
+                LL v = qarr[qh++];
+                pruneLow();
+                LL med = szLow? maxTop(low, szLow) : (LL)0;
+                delMark(v);
+                if (szLow>0 && v <= med) { szLow--; }
+                else { szUp--; }
+                rebalance();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                pruneLow();
+                LL med = maxTop(low, szLow);
+                printf("%lld\n", med);
+            }
+        }
+        free(low); free(up); free(qarr);
+    }
+    free(delKeys); free(delUsed);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/15.c

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// 二叉树中序遍历（给出每个结点的左右孩子编号，根为1）
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r（0 表示空）。
+// 输出：中序遍历序列，每个数字后均输出一个空格。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 迭代式中序遍历：一路向左压栈，弹栈访问，再转向右子树
+    int *stack = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int top = 0;
+    int cur = 1; // 根节点编号为 1
+
+    while (cur || top) {
+        while (cur) { // 沿左链入栈
+            stack[top++] = cur;
+            cur = L[cur];
+        }
+        int u = stack[--top];
+        printf("%d ", u);
+        cur = R[u];
+    }
+
+    free(stack);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/150.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    long long *a = (long long *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(long long));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) scanf("%lld", &a[i]);
+    int *L = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) { int l, r; scanf("%d %d", &l, &r); L[i] = l; R[i] = r; }
+    int *stk = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5) * sizeof(int));
+    int top = 0;
+    int cur = 1;
+    int cnt = 0;
+    int hasPrev = 0; long long prev = 0;
+    while (cur != 0 || top > 0)
+    {
+        while (cur != 0)
+        {
+            stk[top++] = cur;
+            cur = L[cur];
+        }
+        cur = stk[--top];
+        if (!hasPrev) { prev = a[cur]; hasPrev = 1; }
+        else { if (a[cur] <= prev) { printf("No\n"); free(a); free(L); free(R); free(stk); return 0; } prev = a[cur]; }
+        ++cnt;
+        cur = R[cur];
+    }
+    if (cnt != n) { printf("No\n"); }
+    else { printf("Yes\n"); }
+    free(a); free(L); free(R); free(stk);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/151.c

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static void minPush(long long *h, int *sz, long long v)
+{
+    int i = (*sz);
+    h[i] = v; (*sz)++;
+    while (i > 0)
+    {
+        int p = (i - 1) >> 1;
+        if (h[p] <= h[i]) break;
+        long long t = h[p]; h[p] = h[i]; h[i] = t; i = p;
+    }
+}
+
+static long long minPop(long long *h, int *sz)
+{
+    long long r = h[0];
+    int s = --(*sz);
+    h[0] = h[s];
+    int i = 0;
+    while (1)
+    {
+        int l = (i << 1) | 1, rgt = l + 1, b = i;
+        if (l < s && h[l] < h[b]) b = l;
+        if (rgt < s && h[rgt] < h[b]) b = rgt;
+        if (b == i) break;
+        long long t = h[i]; h[i] = h[b]; h[b] = t; i = b;
+    }
+    return r;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    long long *h = (long long *)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(long long));
+    int sz = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        long long x; scanf("%lld", &x);
+        minPush(h, &sz, x);
+    }
+    long long ans = 0;
+    if (sz == 0) { printf("0\n"); free(h); return 0; }
+    while (sz > 1)
+    {
+        long long a = minPop(h, &sz);
+        long long b = minPop(h, &sz);
+        long long c = a + b;
+        ans += c;
+        minPush(h, &sz, c);
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(h);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/152.c

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static void minPush(long long *h, int *sz, long long v)
+{
+    int i = (*sz);
+    h[i] = v; (*sz)++;
+    while (i > 0)
+    {
+        int p = (i - 1) >> 1;
+        if (h[p] <= h[i]) break;
+        long long t = h[p]; h[p] = h[i]; h[i] = t; i = p;
+    }
+}
+
+static long long minPop(long long *h, int *sz)
+{
+    long long r = h[0];
+    int s = --(*sz);
+    h[0] = h[s];
+    int i = 0;
+    while (1)
+    {
+        int l = (i << 1) | 1, rgt = l + 1, b = i;
+        if (l < s && h[l] < h[b]) b = l;
+        if (rgt < s && h[rgt] < h[b]) b = rgt;
+        if (b == i) break;
+        long long t = h[i]; h[i] = h[b]; h[b] = t; i = b;
+    }
+    return r;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    char *s = (char *)malloc(200005);
+    if (scanf("%200000s", s) != 1) return 0;
+    long long cnt[26] = {0};
+    for (char *p = s; *p; ++p) cnt[*p - 'A']++;
+    int kinds = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 26; ++i) if (cnt[i] > 0) ++kinds;
+    if (kinds == 0) { printf("0\n"); free(s); return 0; }
+    long long *h = (long long *)malloc((size_t)kinds * sizeof(long long));
+    int sz = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 26; ++i) if (cnt[i] > 0) minPush(h, &sz, cnt[i]);
+    if (sz == 1)
+    {
+        long long ans = h[0];
+        printf("%lld\n", ans);
+        free(h); free(s); return 0;
+    }
+    long long ans = 0;
+    while (sz > 1)
+    {
+        long long a = minPop(h, &sz);
+        long long b = minPop(h, &sz);
+        long long c = a + b;
+        ans += c;
+        minPush(h, &sz, c);
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(h); free(s);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/16.c

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// 二叉树后序遍历（给出每个结点的左右孩子编号，根为1）
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r（0 表示空）。
+// 输出：后序遍历序列，每个数字后均输出一个空格。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 迭代式后序遍历：使用两个栈
+    // 栈1：根右左；栈2：左右根（输出时弹出栈2）
+    int *s1 = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *s2 = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int t1 = 0, t2 = 0;
+
+    s1[t1++] = 1; // 根节点为 1
+    while (t1) {
+        int u = s1[--t1];
+        if (u == 0) continue;
+        s2[t2++] = u;
+        // 先压左，再压右，使栈2形成 左右根 的逆序
+        if (L[u]) s1[t1++] = L[u];
+        if (R[u]) s1[t1++] = R[u];
+    }
+
+    while (t2) {
+        int u = s2[--t2];
+        printf("%d ", u);
+    }
+
+    free(s1); free(s2);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/17.c

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// 非递归先序遍历（给出每个结点的左右孩子编号，根为1）
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r（0 表示无孩子）。
+// 输出：先序遍历序列，每个数字后均输出一个空格。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 迭代版先序遍历：使用一个栈，根开始；弹出访问当前结点，先压右再压左
+    int *stack = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int top = 0;
+    stack[top++] = 1; // 根节点为 1
+
+    while (top) {
+        int u = stack[--top];
+        if (u == 0) continue;
+        printf("%d ", u);
+        if (R[u]) stack[top++] = R[u];
+        if (L[u]) stack[top++] = L[u];
+    }
+
+    free(stack);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/18.c

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// 非递归中序遍历。给出每个结点的左右孩子编号，根为 1。
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r（0 表示无孩子）。
+// 输出：中序遍历序列，每个数字后均输出一个空格。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 非递归中序遍历（栈）
+    int *stack = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int top = 0;
+    int cur = 1; // 根结点为 1
+
+    while (cur || top) {
+        while (cur) {               // 沿左链压栈
+            stack[top++] = cur;
+            cur = L[cur];
+        }
+        int u = stack[--top];       // 访问栈顶
+        printf("%d ", u);
+        cur = R[u];                 // 转向右子树
+    }
+
+    free(stack);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/19.c

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// 非递归后序遍历（给出每个结点的左右孩子编号，根为1）
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r（0 表示无孩子）。
+// 输出：后序遍历序列，每个数字后均输出一个空格。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 单栈 + 最近访问标记 实现后序遍历
+    int *stack = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int top = 0;
+    int cur = 1;        // 根结点编号为 1
+    int prev = 0;       // 最近一次输出的结点编号
+
+    while (cur || top) {
+        if (cur) {
+            stack[top++] = cur;
+            cur = L[cur];   // 沿左链压栈
+        } else {
+            int u = stack[top - 1];
+            // 若右子树存在且未被处理，则转向右子树
+            if (R[u] && prev != R[u]) {
+                cur = R[u];
+            } else {
+                // 右子树为空或已处理，弹栈并输出该结点
+                --top;
+                printf("%d ", u);
+                prev = u;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(stack);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/2.c

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// 题目描述
+// 给定一个只包括(，)
+// ，{，} ，[，] 的字符串
+//     s
+//     s ，判断字符串是否有效。
+//     有效字符串需满足：
+
+//     左括号必须用相同类型的右括号闭合。
+//     左括号必须以正确的顺序闭合。
+//     每个右括号都有一个对应的相同类型的左括号。
+//     输入
+//     输入一个字符串
+//     s
+
+//     (
+//         1
+// ≤ s
+// ≤ 10 4)
+//         s(1≤s≤10 4)。
+
+//     输出
+//     有效字符串输出 true，否则输出 false。
+
+//     样例
+//     输入 #1 复制代码()
+//         输出 #1 复制代码
+//     true 输入 #2 复制代码()[]
+// {
+// }
+// 输出 #2
+// 复制代码
+// true
+// 输入 #3
+// 复制代码
+// (]
+// 输出 #3
+// 复制代码
+// false
+// 输入 #4
+// 复制代码
+// ([])
+// 输出 #4
+// 复制代码
+// true
+// 输入 #5
+// 复制代码
+// ()[{]}
+// 输出 #5
+// 复制代码
+// 

exercise/exercise/20.c

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// 非递归层序遍历（BFS）（给出每个结点的左右孩子编号，根为1）
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r（0 表示无孩子）。
+// 输出：层序遍历序列，每个数字后均输出一个空格。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+
+    if (n <= 0) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 队列 BFS，从根 1 开始，左到右按层输出
+    int *q = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!q) { free(L); free(R); return 0; }
+    int head = 0, tail = 0;
+
+    q[tail++] = 1; // 根节点为 1
+    while (head < tail) {
+        int u = q[head++];
+        if (u == 0) continue;
+        printf("%d ", u);
+        if (L[u]) q[tail++] = L[u];
+        if (R[u]) q[tail++] = R[u];
+    }
+
+    free(q);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/21.c

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// 前序线索二叉树构建（根为1）
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r（0 表示无孩子）。
+// 输出：n 行，每行四个整数：lchild(i) ltag(i) rchild(i) rtag(i)
+// 规则：
+//  - 若有左儿子：ltag(i)=0，lchild(i) 为左儿子编号；否则 ltag(i)=1，lchild(i) 为前序前驱，无前驱为 -2。
+//  - 若有右儿子：rtag(i)=0，rchild(i) 为右儿子编号；否则 rtag(i)=1，rchild(i) 为前序后继，无后继为 -1。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    if (n <= 0) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 迭代前序遍历，生成访问序列 order
+    int *stack = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *order = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
+    if (!stack || !order) { free(L); free(R); return 0; }
+    int top = 0, k = 0;
+
+    stack[top++] = 1; // 根为 1
+    while (top) {
+        int u = stack[--top];
+        if (u == 0) continue;
+        order[k++] = u;
+        if (R[u]) stack[top++] = R[u];
+        if (L[u]) stack[top++] = L[u];
+    }
+
+    // 位置映射：pos[node] = 在前序序列中的索引
+    int *pos = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!pos) { free(stack); free(order); free(L); free(R); return 0; }
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) pos[i] = -1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) pos[order[i]] = i;
+
+    // 输出域与标记域
+    int *outL = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *ltag = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *outR = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *rtag = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!outL || !ltag || !outR || !rtag) {
+        free(pos); free(stack); free(order); free(L); free(R);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        if (L[i]) { // 有左儿子
+            ltag[i] = 0;
+            outL[i] = L[i];
+        } else {    // 无左儿子，线索到前序前驱
+            ltag[i] = 1;
+            if (pos[i] > 0) outL[i] = order[pos[i] - 1];
+            else outL[i] = -2; // 无前驱
+        }
+
+        if (R[i]) { // 有右儿子
+            rtag[i] = 0;
+            outR[i] = R[i];
+        } else {    // 无右儿子，线索到前序后继
+            rtag[i] = 1;
+            if (pos[i] >= 0 && pos[i] < k - 1) outR[i] = order[pos[i] + 1];
+            else outR[i] = -1; // 无后继
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        printf("%d %d %d %d\n", outL[i], ltag[i], outR[i], rtag[i]);
+    }
+
+    free(outL); free(ltag); free(outR); free(rtag);
+    free(pos); free(stack); free(order);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/22.c

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// 中序线索二叉树构建（根为1）
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r（0 表示无孩子）。
+// 输出：n 行，每行四个整数：lchild(i) ltag(i) rchild(i) rtag(i)
+// 规则：
+//  - 若有左儿子：ltag(i)=0，lchild(i) 为左儿子编号；否则 ltag(i)=1，lchild(i) 为中序前驱，无前驱为 -2。
+//  - 若有右儿子：rtag(i)=0，rchild(i) 为右儿子编号；否则 rtag(i)=1，rchild(i) 为中序后继，无后继为 -1。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    if (n <= 0) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 迭代中序遍历，生成访问序列 order
+    int *stack = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *order = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
+    if (!stack || !order) { free(L); free(R); return 0; }
+    int top = 0, k = 0;
+
+    int cur = 1; // 根为 1
+    while (cur || top) {
+        if (cur) {
+            stack[top++] = cur;
+            cur = L[cur];
+        } else {
+            int u = stack[--top];
+            order[k++] = u;
+            cur = R[u];
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 位置映射：pos[node] = 在中序序列中的索引
+    int *pos = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!pos) { free(stack); free(order); free(L); free(R); return 0; }
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) pos[i] = -1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) pos[order[i]] = i;
+
+    // 输出域与标记域
+    int *outL = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *ltag = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *outR = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *rtag = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!outL || !ltag || !outR || !rtag) {
+        free(pos); free(stack); free(order); free(L); free(R);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        if (L[i]) { // 有左儿子
+            ltag[i] = 0;
+            outL[i] = L[i];
+        } else {    // 无左儿子，线索到中序前驱
+            ltag[i] = 1;
+            if (pos[i] > 0) outL[i] = order[pos[i] - 1];
+            else outL[i] = -2; // 无前驱
+        }
+
+        if (R[i]) { // 有右儿子
+            rtag[i] = 0;
+            outR[i] = R[i];
+        } else {    // 无右儿子，线索到中序后继
+            rtag[i] = 1;
+            if (pos[i] >= 0 && pos[i] < k - 1) outR[i] = order[pos[i] + 1];
+            else outR[i] = -1; // 无后继
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        printf("%d %d %d %d\n", outL[i], ltag[i], outR[i], rtag[i]);
+    }
+
+    free(outL); free(ltag); free(outR); free(rtag);
+    free(pos); free(stack); free(order);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/23.c

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// 后序线索二叉树构建（根为1）
+// 输入：n，随后 n 行，每行两个整数 l、r（0 表示无孩子）。
+// 输出：n 行，每行四个整数：lchild(i) ltag(i) rchild(i) rtag(i)
+// 规则：
+//  - 若有左儿子：ltag(i)=0，lchild(i) 为左儿子编号；否则 ltag(i)=1，lchild(i) 为后序前驱，无前驱为 -2。
+//  - 若有右儿子：rtag(i)=0，rchild(i) 为右儿子编号；否则 rtag(i)=1，rchild(i) 为后序后继，无后继为 -1。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    if (n <= 0) return 0;
+
+    int *L = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *R = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!L || !R) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int l, r;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &l, &r) != 2) {
+            free(L); free(R);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        L[i] = l; R[i] = r;
+    }
+
+    // 迭代后序遍历，生成访问序列 order
+    int *stack = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *order = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
+    if (!stack || !order) { free(L); free(R); return 0; }
+    int top = 0, k = 0;
+
+    int cur = 1; // 根为 1
+    int prev = 0; // 最近已输出的结点
+    while (cur || top) {
+        if (cur) {
+            stack[top++] = cur;
+            cur = L[cur]; // 沿左链压栈
+        } else {
+            int u = stack[top - 1];
+            if (R[u] && prev != R[u]) {
+                cur = R[u]; // 右子树存在且未处理，转向右子树
+            } else {
+                // 右子树为空或已处理，弹栈并记录该结点
+                --top;
+                order[k++] = u;
+                prev = u;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 位置映射：pos[node] = 在后序序列中的索引
+    int *pos = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!pos) { free(stack); free(order); free(L); free(R); return 0; }
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) pos[i] = -1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) pos[order[i]] = i;
+
+    // 输出域与标记域
+    int *outL = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *ltag = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *outR = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *rtag = (int *)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!outL || !ltag || !outR || !rtag) {
+        free(pos); free(stack); free(order); free(L); free(R);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        if (L[i]) { // 有左儿子
+            ltag[i] = 0;
+            outL[i] = L[i];
+        } else {    // 无左儿子，线索到后序前驱
+            ltag[i] = 1;
+            if (pos[i] > 0) outL[i] = order[pos[i] - 1];
+            else outL[i] = -2; // 无前驱
+        }
+
+        if (R[i]) { // 有右儿子
+            rtag[i] = 0;
+            outR[i] = R[i];
+        } else {    // 无右儿子，线索到后序后继
+            rtag[i] = 1;
+            if (pos[i] >= 0 && pos[i] < k - 1) outR[i] = order[pos[i] + 1];
+            else outR[i] = -1; // 无后继
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        printf("%d %d %d %d\n", outL[i], ltag[i], outR[i], rtag[i]);
+    }
+
+    free(outL); free(ltag); free(outR); free(rtag);
+    free(pos); free(stack); free(order);
+    free(L); free(R);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/24.c

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#endif
+
+// 栈结构定义
+typedef struct
+{
+    long long *data;
+    int top;
+    int capacity;
+} Stack;
+
+// 栈初始化
+void stack_init(Stack *st, int initial_capacity)
+{
+    int cap = initial_capacity > 0 ? initial_capacity : 2;
+
+    st->data = (long long *)malloc(sizeof(long long) * cap);
+    st->top = 0;
+    st->capacity = cap;
+}
+
+// 栈释放
+void stack_free(Stack *st)
+{
+    free(st->data);
+    st->data = NULL;
+    st->top = 0;
+    st->capacity = 0;
+}
+
+// 栈是否为空
+int stack_empty(const Stack *st)
+{
+    return st->top == 0;
+}
+
+// 栈压栈
+void stack_push(Stack *st, long long v)
+{
+    if (st->top >= st->capacity)
+    {
+        int new_cap = st->capacity ? st->capacity * 2 : 2;
+        long long *nd = (long long *)realloc(st->data, sizeof(long long) * new_cap);
+        if (!nd)
+        {
+            free(st->data);
+            exit(0);
+        }
+        st->data = nd;
+        st->capacity = new_cap;
+    }
+    st->data[st->top++] = v;
+}
+
+// 栈弹栈
+long long stack_pop(Stack *st)
+{
+    if (st->top == 0)
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return st->data[--st->top];
+}
+
+// 栈顶元素
+long long stack_top(const Stack *st)
+{
+    if (st->top == 0)
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return st->data[st->top - 1];
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8,防止中文乱码
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul"); // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);  // 设置控制台输出编码
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);        // 设置控制台输入编码
+#endif
+
+    // 动态读取一行表达式
+    size_t cap = 1024, len = 0;
+    char *s = (char *)malloc(cap);
+    if (!s)
+        return 0;
+    int ch;
+    // 读取表达式
+    while ((ch = getchar()) != EOF && ch != '\n')
+    {
+        if (len + 1 >= cap)
+        {
+            // 容量不足时，倍增扩容
+            cap <<= 1;
+            char *ns = (char *)realloc(s, cap);
+            if (!ns)
+            {
+                free(s);
+                return 0;
+            }
+            s = ns;
+        }
+        // 逐字符写入
+        s[len++] = (char)ch;
+    }
+    s[len] = '\0';
+    if (len == 0)
+    {
+        free(s);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    Stack st;
+    stack_init(&st, (int)len + 1);
+
+    long long num = 0;
+    // 记录最近的运算符，初始为加号
+    char op = '+';
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
+    {
+        char c = s[i];
+        // 跳过空格字符
+        if (isspace((unsigned char)c))
+            continue;
+
+        if (isdigit((unsigned char)c))
+        {
+            // 累积多位数字
+            num = num * 10 + (c - '0');
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // 根据“前一个”运算符 op 处理当前数字 num；
+            // 乘除即时计算以确保高于加减的优先级
+            switch (op)
+            {
+            case '+':
+                stack_push(&st, num);
+                break;
+            case '-':
+                stack_push(&st, -num);
+                break;
+            case '*':
+            {
+                long long a = stack_pop(&st);
+                stack_push(&st, a * num);
+                break;
+            }
+            case '/':
+            {
+                long long a = stack_pop(&st);
+                stack_push(&st, a / num);
+                break;
+            }
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            // 更新待应用的运算符为当前位置字符
+            op = c;
+            // 重置当前数字，继续解析
+            num = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 处理末尾累积数字（循环结束后最后一个数尚未被处理）
+    switch (op)
+    {
+    case '+':
+        stack_push(&st, num);
+        break;
+    case '-':
+        stack_push(&st, -num);
+        break;
+    case '*':
+    {
+        long long a = stack_pop(&st);
+        stack_push(&st, a * num);
+        break;
+    }
+    case '/':
+    {
+        long long a = stack_pop(&st);
+        // C 的整数除法向零截断
+        stack_push(&st, a / num);
+        break;
+    }
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    long long ans = 0;
+    // 栈中为已应用乘除的加减项，累加得到结果
+    while (!stack_empty(&st))
+        ans += stack_pop(&st);
+
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+
+    stack_free(&st);
+    free(s);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/25.c

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#endif
+
+// 简单环形队列
+typedef struct
+{
+    int *buf;
+    int cap;
+    int head;
+    int tail;
+    int len;
+} Queue;
+
+static void q_init(Queue *q, int cap)
+{
+    q->buf = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * cap);
+    q->cap = cap;
+    q->head = 0;
+    q->tail = 0;
+    q->len = 0;
+}
+
+static int q_empty(const Queue *q) { return q->len == 0; }
+
+static void q_push(Queue *q, int x)
+{
+    q->buf[q->tail] = x;
+    q->tail = (q->tail + 1) % q->cap;
+    q->len++;
+}
+
+static int q_pop(Queue *q)
+{
+    int x = q->buf[q->head];
+    q->head = (q->head + 1) % q->cap;
+    q->len--;
+    return x;
+}
+
+static void q_free(Queue *q)
+{
+    free(q->buf);
+    q->buf = NULL;
+    q->cap = q->head = q->tail = q->len = 0;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8,防止中文乱码
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul"); // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);  // 设置控制台输出编码
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);        // 设置控制台输入编码
+#endif
+
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2)
+        return 0;
+    if (n <= 0 || m <= 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    Queue q;
+    q_init(&q, n);
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+        q_push(&q, i);
+
+    while (!q_empty(&q))
+    {
+        // 旋转 m-1 次：把队头移动到队尾（取模优化减少旋转次数）
+        int k = (m - 1) % q.len;
+        for (int t = 0; t < k; ++t)
+        {
+            q_push(&q, q_pop(&q));
+        }
+        int out = q_pop(&q);
+        printf("%d\n", out);
+    }
+
+    q_free(&q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/26.c

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#endif
+
+// 简单环形队列
+typedef struct
+{
+    int *buf; // 队列缓冲区
+    int cap;  // 队列容量
+    int head; // 队头指针
+    int tail; // 队尾指针
+    int len;  // 当前队列长度
+} Queue;
+
+// 初始化队列
+static void Queue_init(Queue *q, int cap)
+{
+    q->buf = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * cap);
+    q->cap = cap;
+    q->head = 0;
+    q->tail = 0;
+    q->len = 0;
+}
+
+// 检查队列是否为空
+static int Queue_empty(const Queue *q)
+{
+    return q->len == 0;
+}
+
+// 入队操作
+static void Queue_push(Queue *q, int x)
+{
+    q->buf[q->tail] = x;
+    q->tail = (q->tail + 1) % q->cap;
+    q->len++;
+}
+
+// 弹出队列元素
+static int Queue_pop(Queue *q)
+{
+    int x = q->buf[q->head];
+    q->head = (q->head + 1) % q->cap;
+    q->len--;
+    return x;
+}
+
+// 释放队列内存（避免与标准库 free 冲突）
+static void Queue_free(Queue *q)
+{
+    free(q->buf);
+    q->buf = NULL;
+    q->cap = 0;
+    q->head = 0;
+    q->tail = 0;
+    q->len = 0;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8,防止中文乱码
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul"); // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);  // 设置控制台输出编码
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);        // 设置控制台输入编码
+#endif
+
+    int n, m;
+    printf("请输入约瑟夫环的人数n和报数m: ");
+    scanf("%d %d", &n, &m);
+    if (n < 8 || n > 15 || m < 5 || m > 32767)
+    {
+        printf("输入错误，请重新输入!\n");
+        printf("请重输入约瑟夫环的人数n和报数m: ");
+        scanf("%d %d", &n, &m);
+    }
+
+    // 初始化队列
+    Queue q;
+    Queue_init(&q, n);
+
+    // 入队操作
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        Queue_push(&q, i + 1);
+    }
+
+    // 出队操作：模拟报数过程
+    while (!Queue_empty(&q))
+    {
+        // 旋转 m-1 次：把队头移动到队尾（取模优化减少旋转次数）
+        int k = (m - 1) % q.len;
+        for (int t = 0; t < k; ++t)
+        {
+            Queue_push(&q, Queue_pop(&q));
+        }
+        int out = Queue_pop(&q);
+        printf("%d ", out);
+    }
+
+    // 释放队列内存
+    Queue_free(&q);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/27.c

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+// 目标：在允许使用容量为 c 的栈缓冲的前提下，
+// 将输入序列（商店从上到下）重排为字典序最小的最终堆叠（从下到上）。
+// 操作等价于：依次读取输入；每次要么将下一个元素压入栈（若未满），要么从栈顶弹出到输出；
+// 栈容量不超过 c；输出顺序即为最终堆叠的自下而上的编号。
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    int n, c;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &c) != 2)
+        return 0;
+    int *a = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * n);
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+        scanf("%d", &a[i]);
+
+    // 栈缓冲（手上带着的箱子），存储值
+    int *stk = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * n);
+    int len = 0; // 当前栈大小
+
+    // 单调队列（维护接下来可压入窗口中的最小值及其位置）
+    int *dq_val = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * n);
+    int *dq_idx = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * n);
+    int dq_head = 0, dq_tail = 0; // [head, tail) 有效
+
+    int i = 0;    // 下一个待读取的输入位置
+    int j = 0;    // 已加入单调队列的输入位置（下一个待加入的位置）
+    int out_cnt = 0;
+
+    while (out_cnt < n)
+    {
+        // 计算当前还能压入的最大数量 R（窗口大小）
+        int R = c - len;
+        if (R < 0)
+            R = 0;
+
+        // 扩充单调队列，使其覆盖 [i, min(i+R-1, n-1)]
+        while (j < n && j < i + R)
+        {
+            int v = a[j];
+            while (dq_tail > dq_head && dq_val[dq_tail - 1] > v)
+                --dq_tail;
+            dq_val[dq_tail] = v;
+            dq_idx[dq_tail] = j;
+            ++dq_tail;
+            ++j;
+        }
+
+        // 若栈非空，比较栈顶与窗口内最小值，决定弹出还是继续压入到最小值位置
+        if (len > 0)
+        {
+            int top = stk[len - 1];
+            int hasUpcoming = (dq_tail > dq_head);
+            int minUpcoming = hasUpcoming ? dq_val[dq_head] : 2147483647; // INF
+            if (!hasUpcoming || top <= minUpcoming)
+            {
+                // 栈顶不大于可达窗口中的最小值（或无可压入项），弹出栈顶到输出
+                printf("%d", top);
+                ++out_cnt;
+                if (out_cnt < n)
+                    putchar(' ');
+                --len;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 否则（栈为空或栈顶较大且尚有可压入项），把队列窗口的最小值所在位置的元素压入到栈顶，然后立即弹出
+        if (dq_tail > dq_head)
+        {
+            int target_pos = dq_idx[dq_head];
+            // 逐个压入直到到达 target_pos
+            while (i <= target_pos)
+            {
+                stk[len++] = a[i++];
+            }
+            // 清理队列中过期项（索引 < i 的）
+            while (dq_tail > dq_head && dq_idx[dq_head] < i)
+                ++dq_head;
+
+            // 弹出刚压入的最小值
+            int val = stk[len - 1];
+            printf("%d", val);
+            ++out_cnt;
+            if (out_cnt < n)
+                putchar(' ');
+            --len;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // 没有可压入项，但仍需输出 -> 只能弹出栈顶
+            if (len > 0)
+            {
+                int val = stk[len - 1];
+                printf("%d", val);
+                ++out_cnt;
+                if (out_cnt < n)
+                    putchar(' ');
+                --len;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // 理论上不会到这里（既无可压入项又无栈元素），为安全直接中断
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    putchar('\n');
+
+    free(a);
+    free(stk);
+    free(dq_val);
+    free(dq_idx);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/28.c

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef struct {
+    int *data;
+    int *mins;
+    int top;     // index of next insertion in data
+    int mtop;    // index of next insertion in mins
+    int cap;     // capacity
+} MinStack;
+
+static void ms_init(MinStack *s, int cap) {
+    s->data = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * cap);
+    s->mins  = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * cap);
+    s->top = 0;
+    s->mtop = 0;
+    s->cap = cap;
+}
+
+static int ms_empty(const MinStack *s) { return s->top == 0; }
+
+static void ms_push(MinStack *s, int x) {
+    // Assume total pushes won't exceed cap per problem constraints
+    s->data[s->top++] = x;
+    if (s->mtop == 0 || x <= s->mins[s->mtop - 1]) {
+        s->mins[s->mtop++] = x;
+    }
+}
+
+static void ms_pop(MinStack *s) {
+    if (s->top == 0) return; // ignore if empty
+    int v = s->data[s->top - 1];
+    s->top--;
+    if (s->mtop > 0 && v == s->mins[s->mtop - 1]) {
+        s->mtop--;
+    }
+}
+
+static int ms_top(const MinStack *s) {
+    return s->data[s->top - 1];
+}
+
+static int ms_get_min(const MinStack *s) {
+    return s->mins[s->mtop - 1];
+}
+
+static void ms_free(MinStack *s) {
+    free(s->data);
+    free(s->mins);
+    s->data = s->mins = NULL;
+    s->top = s->mtop = s->cap = 0;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    MinStack st;
+    ms_init(&st, n > 0 ? n : 1);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        int t; 
+        if (scanf("%d", &t) != 1) t = 0;
+        if (t == 1) {
+            int x; 
+            scanf("%d", &x);
+            ms_push(&st, x);
+        } else if (t == 2) {
+            ms_pop(&st);
+        } else if (t == 3) {
+            if (!ms_empty(&st)) {
+                printf("%d\n", ms_top(&st));
+            }
+        } else if (t == 4) {
+            if (!ms_empty(&st)) {
+                printf("%d\n", ms_get_min(&st));
+            }
+        } else {
+            // ignore unknown command
+        }
+    }
+
+    ms_free(&st);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/29.c

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+// 计算最长合法括号子串长度及数量（数量指达到该最长长度的子串个数）
+// 使用经典 DP：dp[i] 表示以 i 结尾的最长合法括号长度。
+// 当 maxLen 为 0 时，按题意输出 "0 1"。
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    const int MAXN = 1000005; // 题面最大长度约 1e6
+    char *s = (char *)malloc(MAXN);
+    if (!s) return 0;
+    if (scanf("%1000000s", s) != 1) {
+        free(s);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int n = (int)strlen(s);
+    if (n == 0) {
+        printf("0 1\n");
+        free(s);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int *dp = (int *)calloc(n, sizeof(int));
+    if (!dp) {
+        free(s);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int maxLen = 0;
+    int count = 1; // 若最终 maxLen 为 0，答案应为 0 1
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
+        if (s[i] == ')') {
+            if (s[i - 1] == '(') {
+                dp[i] = 2 + (i >= 2 ? dp[i - 2] : 0);
+            } else {
+                int prev = i - dp[i - 1] - 1;
+                if (prev >= 0 && s[prev] == '(') {
+                    dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + 2 + (prev >= 1 ? dp[prev - 1] : 0);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (dp[i] > 0) {
+                if (dp[i] > maxLen) {
+                    maxLen = dp[i];
+                    count = 1;
+                } else if (dp[i] == maxLen) {
+                    count++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (maxLen == 0) {
+        printf("0 1\n");
+    } else {
+        printf("%d %d\n", maxLen, count);
+    }
+
+    free(dp);
+    free(s);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/3.c

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    int T;
+    scanf("%d", &T);
+    
+    while (T--)
+    {
+        int N;
+        scanf("%d", &N);
+        
+        int a[10000];
+        
+        // 读取序列
+        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
+        {
+            scanf("%d", &a[i]);
+        }
+        
+        // 找最大值和最小值的位置
+        int max_pos = 0, min_pos = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
+        {
+            if (a[i] > a[max_pos])
+            {
+                max_pos = i;
+            }
+            if (a[i] < a[min_pos])
+            {
+                min_pos = i;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 交换最大值和最小值
+        int temp = a[max_pos];
+        a[max_pos] = a[min_pos];
+        a[min_pos] = temp;
+        
+        // 输出结果
+        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
+        {
+            printf("%d", a[i]);
+            if (i < N - 1)
+            {
+                printf(" ");
+            }
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+    
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/30.c

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+// 语法：
+// E := T ('|' T)*           // 选择，取较长长度
+// T := F+                   // 连接，长度相加
+// F := 'a' | '(' E ')'      // 原子：一个 a 或括号组
+// 输出化简后（全为 a）的长度
+
+static const char *s;
+static int n, pos;
+
+static int parse_E(void);
+static int parse_T(void);
+static int parse_F(void);
+
+static int parse_E(void)
+{
+    int best = parse_T();
+    while (pos < n && s[pos] == '|') {
+        ++pos; // consume '|'
+        int t = parse_T();
+        if (t > best) best = t;
+    }
+    return best;
+}
+
+static int parse_T(void)
+{
+    int sum = 0;
+    while (pos < n && s[pos] != ')' && s[pos] != '|') {
+        sum += parse_F();
+    }
+    return sum;
+}
+
+static int parse_F(void)
+{
+    if (pos < n && s[pos] == 'a') {
+        ++pos;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (pos < n && s[pos] == '(') {
+        ++pos; // consume '('
+        int v = parse_E();
+        if (pos < n && s[pos] == ')') ++pos; // consume ')'
+        return v;
+    }
+    // 理论上不会到达（保证输入合法且不含空串），安全返回 0
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    // 读取一行字符串（仅包含 a | ( )），长度不超过 1e5
+    static char buf[1000005];
+    if (scanf("%1000000s", buf) != 1) return 0;
+    s = buf;
+    n = (int)strlen(s);
+    pos = 0;
+    int ans = parse_E();
+    printf("%d\n", ans);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/31.c

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// 可随机访问的“栈”，支持按下标 O(1) 访问与快 I/O
+// 操作：
+// 1 x：压入整数 x
+// 2：输出栈顶元素
+// 3 i：输出第 i 个元素（从 0 开始）
+// 4：弹出栈顶元素
+// 约束：操作数最多 5,000,000；执行 3 时保证 i 有效
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+// 快读整数
+static inline int read_int(void) {
+    int c = getchar();
+    while (c != EOF && (c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\t' || c == '\r')) c = getchar();
+    int sign = 1;
+    if (c == '-') { sign = -1; c = getchar(); }
+    int x = 0;
+    while (c >= '0' && c <= '9') { x = x * 10 + (c - '0'); c = getchar(); }
+    return sign * x;
+}
+
+// 快速输出整数并换行
+static inline void write_int_ln(int x) {
+    char buf[32];
+    char *p = buf + sizeof(buf);
+    *(--p) = '\n';
+    unsigned int ux;
+    if (x < 0) {
+        ux = (unsigned int)(-(long long)x);
+    } else {
+        ux = (unsigned int)x;
+    }
+    do {
+        *(--p) = (char)('0' + (ux % 10));
+        ux /= 10;
+    } while (ux);
+    if (x < 0) *(--p) = '-';
+    fwrite(p, 1, (size_t)(buf + sizeof(buf) - p), stdout);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    int *a;
+    size_t len;
+    size_t cap;
+} RAStack;
+
+static inline void ras_init(RAStack *s) {
+    s->len = 0;
+    s->cap = 1024; // 初始容量
+    s->a = (int*)malloc(s->cap * sizeof(int));
+    if (!s->a) {
+        // 若内存紧张，回退到较小容量以继续运行
+        s->cap = 16;
+        s->a = (int*)malloc(s->cap * sizeof(int));
+        if (!s->a) exit(1);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void ras_reserve(RAStack *s, size_t need) {
+    if (need <= s->cap) return;
+    size_t new_cap = s->cap;
+    while (new_cap < need) {
+        // 约 1.5 倍扩容，以便在超大输入时节省内存
+        new_cap = new_cap + (new_cap >> 1);
+        if (new_cap < s->cap + 1) new_cap = s->cap + 1; // 避免停滞
+    }
+    int *na = (int*)realloc(s->a, new_cap * sizeof(int));
+    if (!na) {
+        // 若 1.5 倍失败则尝试翻倍
+        new_cap = s->cap * 2;
+        na = (int*)realloc(s->a, new_cap * sizeof(int));
+        if (!na) exit(1);
+    }
+    s->a = na;
+    s->cap = new_cap;
+}
+
+static inline void ras_push(RAStack *s, int x) {
+    if (s->len == s->cap) ras_reserve(s, s->len + 1);
+    s->a[s->len++] = x;
+}
+
+static inline int ras_top(const RAStack *s) {
+    return s->a[s->len - 1];
+}
+
+static inline int ras_get(const RAStack *s, size_t i) {
+    return s->a[i]; // 从底部 0 开始计数
+}
+
+static inline void ras_pop(RAStack *s) {
+    --s->len;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    RAStack st;
+    ras_init(&st);
+
+    int n = read_int();
+    for (int k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
+        int op = read_int();
+        if (op == 1) {
+            int x = read_int();
+            ras_push(&st, x);
+        } else if (op == 2) {
+            write_int_ln(ras_top(&st));
+        } else if (op == 3) {
+            int i = read_int();
+            write_int_ln(ras_get(&st, (size_t)i));
+        } else if (op == 4) {
+            ras_pop(&st);
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(st.a);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/32.c

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// 计算含运算符 '&'（取两数较小值）与 '|'（取两数较大值）的表达式
+// 两者同优先级，按从左到右结合；遇到括号优先计算括号内表达式。
+// 输入：一行字符串，仅由数字、&、|、(、) 组成
+// 输出：一个整数，表示表达式的值
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+static inline int min_i(int a, int b) { return a < b ? a : b; }
+static inline int max_i(int a, int b) { return a > b ? a : b; }
+
+static inline void apply_top(int *vals, int *vtop, char *ops, int *otop) {
+    char op = ops[--(*otop)];
+    int b = vals[--(*vtop)];
+    int a = vals[--(*vtop)];
+    int r = (op == '&') ? min_i(a, b) : max_i(a, b);
+    vals[(*vtop)++] = r;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    // 读取整行输入
+    char *line = NULL;
+    size_t cap = 0;
+    {
+        // getline 若不可用则用 fgets 简易读取
+        // Windows 平台无 getline，这里使用 fgets
+        size_t bufcap = 16384; // 大于题目约束的 10000
+        line = (char*)malloc(bufcap);
+        if (!line) return 1;
+        if (!fgets(line, (int)bufcap, stdin)) return 0;
+        size_t len = strlen(line);
+        // 去掉行尾 CR/LF
+        while (len && (line[len-1] == '\n' || line[len-1] == '\r')) line[--len] = '\0';
+        cap = len + 1;
+    }
+
+    size_t L = strlen(line);
+    int *vals = (int*)malloc((L + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    char *ops = (char*)malloc(L + 1);
+    if (!vals || !ops) return 1;
+    int vtop = 0, otop = 0;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < L;) {
+        char c = line[i];
+        if (isspace((unsigned char)c)) { ++i; continue; } // 忽略空白
+        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+            int x = 0;
+            while (i < L && line[i] >= '0' && line[i] <= '9') {
+                x = x * 10 + (line[i] - '0');
+                ++i;
+            }
+            vals[vtop++] = x;
+        } else if (c == '&' || c == '|') {
+            // 同优先级：在遇到 '(' 之前，应用所有已入栈的运算符
+            while (otop > 0 && ops[otop - 1] != '(') {
+                apply_top(vals, &vtop, ops, &otop);
+            }
+            ops[otop++] = c;
+            ++i;
+        } else if (c == '(') {
+            ops[otop++] = c;
+            ++i;
+        } else if (c == ')') {
+            while (otop > 0 && ops[otop - 1] != '(') {
+                apply_top(vals, &vtop, ops, &otop);
+            }
+            if (otop > 0 && ops[otop - 1] == '(') --otop; // 弹出左括号
+            ++i;
+        } else {
+            // 非法字符：跳过以增强鲁棒性
+            ++i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    while (otop > 0) {
+        apply_top(vals, &vtop, ops, &otop);
+    }
+
+    if (vtop > 0) printf("%d\n", vals[vtop - 1]);
+
+    free(vals);
+    free(ops);
+    free(line);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/33.c

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// 算术表达式求值：支持 + - * / ^ 和小括号
+// 规则：
+// - 运算符优先级：括号 > 一元± > ^（右结合）> * /（左结合）> + -（左结合）
+// - 输入为一行表达式，可能包含多余括号与空格
+// - 输出为结果，按四舍五入取整
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+// 手写整数乘方（支持负指数）：右结合的 ^ 使用该实现
+static inline long double powi_ld(long double base, long long exp) {
+    if (exp == 0) return 1.0L;
+    int neg = 0;
+    if (exp < 0) { neg = 1; exp = -exp; }
+    long double res = 1.0L, a = base;
+    while (exp) {
+        if (exp & 1LL) res *= a;
+        a *= a;
+        exp >>= 1LL;
+    }
+    if (neg) {
+        // 避免 1/0 产生异常（表达式一般不会出现该情况）
+        if (res == 0.0L) return 0.0L; // 约定返回 0，防止 RE
+        return 1.0L / res;
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+// 手写四舍五入为 long long，避免依赖 llround
+static inline long long roundll(long double x) {
+    return (x >= 0.0L) ? (long long)(x + 0.5L) : (long long)(x - 0.5L);
+}
+
+// 操作符优先级
+static inline int prec(char op) {
+    switch (op) {
+        case '~': return 4; // 一元负号
+        case '^': return 3; // 乘方，右结合
+        case '*': case '/': return 2; // 乘除
+        case '+': case '-': return 1; // 加减
+        default: return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+// 应用一个操作符到栈顶操作数
+static inline void apply_top(long double *vals, int *vtop, char *ops, int *otop) {
+    char op = ops[--(*otop)];
+    if (op == '~') {
+        long double a = vals[--(*vtop)];
+        vals[(*vtop)++] = -a;
+        return;
+    }
+    long double b = vals[--(*vtop)];
+    long double a = vals[--(*vtop)];
+    long double r;
+    switch (op) {
+        case '+': r = a + b; break;
+        case '-': r = a - b; break;
+        case '*': r = a * b; break;
+        case '/':
+            // 防御除零导致的 RE：约定返回 0（题目数据通常不会出现此情况）
+            if (b == 0.0L) r = 0.0L; else r = a / b; 
+            break;
+        case '^': {
+            long long be = roundll(b); // 指数按近似整数处理
+            r = powi_ld(a, be);
+            break;
+        }
+        default: r = 0.0; break;
+    }
+    vals[(*vtop)++] = r;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    // 读取整行表达式
+    char *line = NULL;
+    size_t cap = 0;
+    {
+        size_t bufcap = 1024; // 表达式长度 ≤ 30，这里足够
+        line = (char*)malloc(bufcap);
+        if (!line) return 1;
+        if (!fgets(line, (int)bufcap, stdin)) return 0;
+        size_t len = strlen(line);
+        while (len && (line[len-1] == '\n' || line[len-1] == '\r')) line[--len] = '\0';
+        cap = len + 1;
+    }
+
+    size_t L = strlen(line);
+    // 栈容量按输入长度分配
+    long double *vals = (long double*)malloc((L + 1) * sizeof(long double));
+    char *ops = (char*)malloc(L + 1);
+    if (!vals || !ops) return 1;
+    int vtop = 0, otop = 0;
+
+    int expect_unary = 1; // 是否期待一元运算符（开头或在'('或二元运算符之后）
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < L;) {
+        char c = line[i];
+        if (isspace((unsigned char)c)) { ++i; continue; }
+        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+            // 解析数字（整数）
+            long long x = 0;
+            while (i < L && line[i] >= '0' && line[i] <= '9') {
+                x = x * 10 + (line[i] - '0');
+                ++i;
+            }
+            vals[vtop++] = (long double)x;
+            expect_unary = 0;
+        } else if (c == '(') {
+            ops[otop++] = c;
+            ++i;
+            expect_unary = 1;
+        } else if (c == ')') {
+            while (otop > 0 && ops[otop - 1] != '(') {
+                apply_top(vals, &vtop, ops, &otop);
+            }
+            if (otop > 0 && ops[otop - 1] == '(') --otop; // 弹出左括号
+            ++i;
+            expect_unary = 0;
+        } else if (c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '*' || c == '/' || c == '^') {
+            // 处理一元 ±
+            if (expect_unary && (c == '+' || c == '-')) {
+                if (c == '-') {
+                    // 一元负号入栈（最高优先级）
+                    ops[otop++] = '~';
+                }
+                // 一元 '+' 不产生效果，直接跳过
+                ++i;
+                expect_unary = 1; // 仍可能继续接 '(' 或 数字
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // 处理二元运算符的结合与优先级
+            int p = prec(c);
+            int right_assoc = (c == '^');
+            while (otop > 0 && ops[otop - 1] != '(') {
+                int pt = prec(ops[otop - 1]);
+                if ((right_assoc && pt > p) || (!right_assoc && pt >= p)) {
+                    apply_top(vals, &vtop, ops, &otop);
+                } else break;
+            }
+            ops[otop++] = c;
+            ++i;
+            expect_unary = 1;
+        } else {
+            // 其他字符（若存在）：跳过
+            ++i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 清空剩余操作符
+    while (otop > 0) {
+        apply_top(vals, &vtop, ops, &otop);
+    }
+
+    // 四舍五入输出整数
+    if (vtop > 0) {
+        long double res = vals[vtop - 1];
+        long long rounded = roundll(res);
+        printf("%lld\n", rounded);
+    }
+
+    free(vals);
+    free(ops);
+    free(line);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/34.c

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// 逆波兰式逐步规约打印
+// 输入：仅含 0-9、+ - * / 和小括号 () 的中缀表达式，数字均为一位
+// 要求：
+// - 先将中缀转为后缀（RPN）
+// - 按从左到右每次规约一个“两个数字 + 一个运算符”的三元组，得到新的后缀表达式
+// - 逐行输出：首行是完整后缀表达式；之后每行比上一行少 1 个运算符和 1 个数字；最后一行只有一个数字（最终结果）
+// - 令 / 为整除（向零截断），允许中间结果为负数
+// - 输出格式：各符号之间以单个空格分隔；只有首行和最后一行行末保留一个空格，其他行末无空格
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+typedef struct {
+    int is_num;  // 1 表示数字，0 表示运算符
+    int val;     // 数字值
+    char op;     // 运算符字符
+} Token;
+
+// 运算符优先级：* / 高于 + -，全部左结合
+static inline int prec(char c) {
+    if (c == '*' || c == '/') return 2;
+    if (c == '+' || c == '-') return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// 打印一行后缀表达式：tokens[0..n-1]
+// 参数 trailing_space 控制是否在行末额外打印一个空格
+static void print_tokens(const Token *t, int n, int trailing_space) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        if (t[i].is_num) {
+            printf("%d", t[i].val);
+        } else {
+            printf("%c", t[i].op);
+        }
+        if (i + 1 < n) putchar(' ');
+    }
+    if (trailing_space) putchar(' ');
+    putchar('\n');
+}
+
+// 计算 a (op) b，/ 为整除（向零），其余为常规整数算术
+static inline int apply_int(int a, int b, char op) {
+    switch (op) {
+        case '+': return a + b;
+        case '-': return a - b;
+        case '*': return a * b;
+        case '/': return (b == 0 ? 0 : a / b); // 题面保证不会越界；防御除零
+        default: return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    // 读取整行
+    char line[256];
+    if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin)) return 0;
+    size_t len = strlen(line);
+    while (len && (line[len-1] == '\n' || line[len-1] == '\r')) line[--len] = '\0';
+
+    // 中缀转后缀（shunting-yard）
+    Token out[256];
+    int on = 0;
+    char ops[256];
+    int ot = 0;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+        char c = line[i];
+        if (isspace((unsigned char)c)) continue;
+        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+            out[on].is_num = 1;
+            out[on].val = c - '0';
+            out[on].op = 0;
+            ++on;
+        } else if (c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '*' || c == '/') {
+            int p = prec(c);
+            while (ot > 0 && ops[ot - 1] != '(' && prec(ops[ot - 1]) >= p) {
+                out[on].is_num = 0;
+                out[on].op = ops[--ot];
+                ++on;
+            }
+            ops[ot++] = c;
+        } else if (c == '(') {
+            ops[ot++] = c;
+        } else if (c == ')') {
+            while (ot > 0 && ops[ot - 1] != '(') {
+                out[on].is_num = 0;
+                out[on].op = ops[--ot];
+                ++on;
+            }
+            if (ot > 0 && ops[ot - 1] == '(') --ot; // 弹出左括号
+        } else {
+            // 题面保证无需判错
+        }
+    }
+    while (ot > 0) {
+        out[on].is_num = 0;
+        out[on].op = ops[--ot];
+        ++on;
+    }
+
+    // 打印首行（保留行末空格）
+    print_tokens(out, on, 1);
+
+    // 逐步规约：每次找到第一个运算符（其前必有两个数字），规约为一个数字
+    Token cur[256];
+    memcpy(cur, out, on * sizeof(Token));
+    int n = on;
+
+    while (n > 1) {
+        int idx = -1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            if (!cur[i].is_num) { idx = i; break; }
+        }
+        // 规约 cur[idx-2], cur[idx-1], cur[idx]
+        int a = cur[idx - 2].val;
+        int b = cur[idx - 1].val;
+        int r = apply_int(a, b, cur[idx].op);
+        // 将结果写回到 idx-2，并左移覆盖 idx-1 与 idx
+        cur[idx - 2].is_num = 1;
+        cur[idx - 2].val = r;
+        // 左移 n-(idx+1) 个元素
+        for (int j = idx - 1; j + 2 < n; ++j) {
+            cur[j] = cur[j + 2];
+        }
+        n -= 2;
+
+        // 是否最后一行：n==1 时保留行末空格，否则不保留
+        print_tokens(cur, n, (n == 1));
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/35.c

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// 简单逻辑表达式求值：支持 true/false 与 not/and/or，带错误检测
+// 规则：
+// - 仅包含单词 true, false, not, and, or 与空格；全部小写
+// - 优先级：not > and > or；同级从左到右（左结合）
+// - 输入为一行，输出为 true / false；如果语法或词法错误，输出 error
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+typedef enum { TK_TRUE, TK_FALSE, TK_AND, TK_OR, TK_NOT } Tok;
+
+// 读取一行到缓冲区，并去除尾部换行符
+static int read_line(char *buf, size_t sz) {
+    if (!fgets(buf, (int)sz, stdin)) return 0;
+    size_t n = strlen(buf);
+    while (n && (buf[n-1] == '\n' || buf[n-1] == '\r')) buf[--n] = '\0';
+    return 1;
+}
+
+// 词法：按字母分组，提取单词，映射到令牌；出错返回 -1
+static int tokenize(const char *s, Tok *out, int maxn) {
+    int nt = 0;
+    size_t i = 0, n = strlen(s);
+    while (i < n) {
+        while (i < n && isspace((unsigned char)s[i])) ++i;
+        if (i >= n) break;
+        if (!isalpha((unsigned char)s[i])) return -1;  // 非法字符
+        size_t j = i;
+        while (j < n && isalpha((unsigned char)s[j])) ++j;
+        size_t wlen = j - i;
+        if (wlen == 4 && strncmp(s + i, "true", 4) == 0) {
+            if (nt >= maxn) return -1;
+            out[nt++] = TK_TRUE;
+        } else if (wlen == 5 && strncmp(s + i, "false", 5) == 0) {
+            if (nt >= maxn) return -1;
+            out[nt++] = TK_FALSE;
+        } else if (wlen == 3 && strncmp(s + i, "and", 3) == 0) {
+            if (nt >= maxn) return -1;
+            out[nt++] = TK_AND;
+        } else if (wlen == 2 && strncmp(s + i, "or", 2) == 0) {
+            if (nt >= maxn) return -1;
+            out[nt++] = TK_OR;
+        } else if (wlen == 3 && strncmp(s + i, "not", 3) == 0) {
+            if (nt >= maxn) return -1;
+            out[nt++] = TK_NOT;
+        } else {
+            return -1; // 未知单词
+        }
+        i = j;
+    }
+    return nt;
+}
+
+// 递归下降（迭代实现）语法：
+// unary := { not }* ( true | false )
+// and   := unary { and unary }*
+// or    := and   { or and }*
+
+static int parse_unary(const Tok *toks, int nt, int *idx, int *ok) {
+    int neg = 0;
+    while (*idx < nt && toks[*idx] == TK_NOT) { ++neg; ++*idx; }
+    if (*idx >= nt) { *ok = 0; return 0; }
+    int val;
+    if (toks[*idx] == TK_TRUE) { val = 1; }
+    else if (toks[*idx] == TK_FALSE) { val = 0; }
+    else { *ok = 0; return 0; }
+    ++*idx;
+    if (neg & 1) val = !val;
+    return val;
+}
+
+static int parse_and(const Tok *toks, int nt, int *idx, int *ok) {
+    int lhs = parse_unary(toks, nt, idx, ok);
+    if (!*ok) return 0;
+    while (*idx < nt && toks[*idx] == TK_AND) {
+        ++*idx;
+        int rhs = parse_unary(toks, nt, idx, ok);
+        if (!*ok) return 0;
+        lhs = (lhs && rhs);
+    }
+    return lhs;
+}
+
+static int parse_or(const Tok *toks, int nt, int *idx, int *ok) {
+    int lhs = parse_and(toks, nt, idx, ok);
+    if (!*ok) return 0;
+    while (*idx < nt && toks[*idx] == TK_OR) {
+        ++*idx;
+        int rhs = parse_and(toks, nt, idx, ok);
+        if (!*ok) return 0;
+        lhs = (lhs || rhs);
+    }
+    return lhs;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    char line[512];
+    if (!read_line(line, sizeof(line))) return 0;
+
+    Tok toks[300];
+    int nt = tokenize(line, toks, 300);
+    if (nt <= 0) { printf("error\n"); return 0; }
+
+    int idx = 0, ok = 1;
+    int result = parse_or(toks, nt, &idx, &ok);
+    if (!ok || idx != nt) { printf("error\n"); return 0; }
+
+    printf(result ? "true\n" : "false\n");
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/36.c

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// 地道连通查询（线性房屋 1..n）：支持操作
+// D x: 摧毁房屋 x；R: 修复上一次摧毁的房屋；Q x: 询问士兵在 x 能到达的房屋数
+// 思路：维护“被摧毁房屋”的有序集合，查询时找离 x 最近的左右两个摧毁位置。
+// 为了在 C 中高效实现前驱/后继，使用树状数组(Fenwick)存放摧毁标记（1 表示摧毁），
+// 并用“按前缀和查找第 k 个 1”的技巧 O(log n) 求出前驱/后继位置。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static int N;          // 房屋总数
+static int *bit;       // 树状数组，1..N
+static int *dead;      // 摧毁标记
+static int *stackD;    // 摧毁栈，支持 R
+static int topD = 0;
+
+static inline int lowbit(int x) { return x & -x; }
+
+static void bit_add(int i, int delta) {
+    for (; i <= N; i += lowbit(i)) bit[i] += delta;
+}
+
+static int bit_sum(int i) {
+    int s = 0;
+    for (; i > 0; i -= lowbit(i)) s += bit[i];
+    return s;
+}
+
+// 返回使得前缀和等于 k 的最小下标（1..N）。要求 k>=1 且 k<=sum(N)
+static int bit_find_kth(int k) {
+    int idx = 0;
+    // 最大 2 的幂覆盖到 N
+    int p = 1;
+    while ((p << 1) <= N) p <<= 1;
+    for (; p; p >>= 1) {
+        int next = idx + p;
+        if (next <= N && bit[next] < k) {
+            idx = next;
+            k -= bit[next];
+        }
+    }
+    return idx + 1; // 1..N
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2) return 0;
+    N = n;
+    bit = (int *)calloc((size_t)N + 1u, sizeof(int));
+    dead = (int *)calloc((size_t)N + 2u, sizeof(int));
+    stackD = (int *)malloc(((size_t)m + 5u) * sizeof(int));
+    if (!bit || !dead || !stackD) return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
+        char cmd[8];
+        if (scanf("%7s", cmd) != 1) break;
+        if (cmd[0] == 'D') {
+            int x; scanf("%d", &x);
+            if (x >= 1 && x <= n && !dead[x]) {
+                dead[x] = 1;
+                bit_add(x, +1);
+                stackD[topD++] = x;
+            }
+        } else if (cmd[0] == 'R') {
+            if (topD > 0) {
+                int x = stackD[--topD];
+                if (dead[x]) { dead[x] = 0; bit_add(x, -1); }
+            }
+        } else if (cmd[0] == 'Q') {
+            int x; scanf("%d", &x);
+            if (x < 1 || x > n) { printf("0\n"); continue; }
+            if (dead[x]) {
+                printf("0\n");
+            } else {
+                int left_cnt = bit_sum(x - 1);
+                int total_cnt = bit_sum(n);
+                int upto_x_cnt = bit_sum(x);
+                int left_break = (left_cnt == 0) ? 0 : bit_find_kth(left_cnt);
+                int right_break = (upto_x_cnt == total_cnt) ? (n + 1) : bit_find_kth(upto_x_cnt + 1);
+                int reachable = right_break - left_break - 1;
+                printf("%d\n", reachable);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(bit); free(dead); free(stackD);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/37.c

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+// 随机连续子序列的最小值期望满意度：
+// 选取所有子数组(连续子序列)均匀随机；score 为该子数组的最小值；满意度为 max(0, score - expect)
+// 目标：对每个 expect 求 E[max(0, min - expect)]，用最简分数输出。
+// 做法：
+// - 用单调栈统计每个位置作为“子数组最小值的代表”的子数组个数 c_i，采用去重规则：
+//   prev 为前一个 < 当前值的位置，next 为后一个 <= 当前值的位置；贡献个数为 (i-prev)*(next-i)
+// - 将相同值的贡献累加，得到“最小值为 v 的子数组个数” count[v]
+// - 总子数组数 T = n*(n+1)/2；对 expect=e，有
+//   E = (1/T) * sum_{v>e} (v-e) * count[v]
+//   = (1/T) * ( sum_{v>e} v*count[v] - e * sum_{v>e} count[v] )
+// - 预先按 v 排序并做前缀和，查询时二分找 v>e 的起点，O(log n) 得到分子；化简为最简分数输出。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef long long ll;
+typedef unsigned long long ull;
+typedef __int128 i128;
+typedef unsigned __int128 u128;
+
+typedef struct { ll v; ull c; } Pair;
+
+static int cmp_pair(const void *a, const void *b) {
+    const Pair *x = (const Pair *)a, *y = (const Pair *)b;
+    if (x->v < y->v) return -1;
+    if (x->v > y->v) return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void print_u128(u128 x) {
+    if (x == 0) { putchar('0'); return; }
+    char buf[64];
+    int p = 0;
+    while (x) {
+        unsigned int d = (unsigned int)(x % 10);
+        buf[p++] = (char)('0' + d);
+        x /= 10;
+    }
+    while (p--) putchar(buf[p]);
+}
+
+static ull gcd_ull(ull a, ull b) {
+    while (b) { ull t = a % b; a = b; b = t; }
+    return a;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    int T;
+    if (scanf("%d", &T) != 1) return 0;
+    for (int tc = 1; tc <= T; ++tc) {
+        int n; if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+        ll *a = (ll *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5u) * sizeof(ll));
+        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) scanf("%lld", &a[i]);
+
+        // 单调栈：prev(<) 与 next(<=)
+        int *prev = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5u) * sizeof(int));
+        int *next = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5u) * sizeof(int));
+        int *st = (int *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5u) * sizeof(int));
+        int top = 0;
+        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+            while (top > 0 && a[st[top - 1]] >= a[i]) --top;
+            prev[i] = (top == 0 ? 0 : st[top - 1]);
+            st[top++] = i;
+        }
+        top = 0;
+        for (int i = n; i >= 1; --i) {
+            while (top > 0 && a[st[top - 1]] > a[i]) --top;
+            next[i] = (top == 0 ? (n + 1) : st[top - 1]);
+            st[top++] = i;
+        }
+
+        // 生成 (value, count) 对
+        Pair *pairs = (Pair *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5u) * sizeof(Pair));
+        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+            ull L = (ull)(i - prev[i]);
+            ull R = (ull)(next[i] - i);
+            pairs[i - 1].v = a[i];
+            pairs[i - 1].c = L * R;
+        }
+
+        qsort(pairs, (size_t)n, sizeof(Pair), cmp_pair);
+
+        // 压缩相同值
+        int k = 0;
+        Pair *uniq = (Pair *)malloc(((size_t)n + 5u) * sizeof(Pair));
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ) {
+            ll v = pairs[i].v; u128 csum = 0;
+            while (i < n && pairs[i].v == v) { csum += (u128)pairs[i].c; ++i; }
+            uniq[k].v = v; // csum 可能 >2^64，但总子数组数 <= 5e10，仍可放进 64bit
+            // 但为了稳妥，仍按 64 位存储（安全范围内）
+            unsigned long long cc = (unsigned long long)csum; // csum <= n*(n+1)/2 <= 5e10
+            uniq[k].c = cc;
+            ++k;
+        }
+
+        // 前缀和（用于后缀查询）
+        unsigned long long *prefC = (unsigned long long *)malloc(((size_t)k + 5u) * sizeof(unsigned long long));
+        u128 *prefVC = (u128 *)malloc(((size_t)k + 5u) * sizeof(u128));
+        u128 sVC = 0; unsigned long long sC = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
+            sC += uniq[i].c;
+            sVC += (u128)((i128)uniq[i].v) * (u128)uniq[i].c;
+            prefC[i] = sC;
+            prefVC[i] = sVC;
+        }
+
+        // 总子数组数
+        unsigned long long Total = (unsigned long long)n * (unsigned long long)(n + 1) / 2ull;
+
+        int m; scanf("%d", &m);
+        printf("Case %d:\n", tc);
+        for (int qi = 0; qi < m; ++qi) {
+            long long e; scanf("%lld", &e);
+            // 二分找第一个 v>e 的位置
+            int lo = 0, hi = k;
+            while (lo < hi) {
+                int mid = (lo + hi) >> 1;
+                if (uniq[mid].v <= e) lo = mid + 1; else hi = mid;
+            }
+            if (lo == k) { puts("0"); continue; }
+            // 后缀和
+            unsigned long long S2 = prefC[k - 1] - (lo ? prefC[lo - 1] : 0ull);
+            u128 S1 = prefVC[k - 1] - (lo ? prefVC[lo - 1] : (u128)0);
+            // 分子：S1 - e*S2
+            u128 Numer = S1 - (u128)((i128)e) * (u128)S2;
+            if (Numer == 0) { puts("0"); continue; }
+            // 若可整除，输出整数
+            u128 mod = Numer % (u128)Total;
+            if (mod == 0) {
+                u128 A = Numer / (u128)Total;
+                print_u128(A); putchar('\n');
+            } else {
+                unsigned long long r = (unsigned long long)mod; // mod < Total
+                unsigned long long g = gcd_ull(Total, r);
+                u128 A = Numer / (u128)g;
+                unsigned long long B = Total / g;
+                print_u128(A); putchar('/');
+                // 打印 B（64 位）
+                char buf[32]; int p = 0; unsigned long long Bb = B;
+                if (Bb == 0) { putchar('0'); }
+                else {
+                    while (Bb) { buf[p++] = (char)('0' + (Bb % 10)); Bb /= 10; }
+                    while (p--) putchar(buf[p]);
+                }
+                putchar('\n');
+            }
+        }
+
+        free(a); free(prev); free(next); free(st); free(pairs); free(uniq); free(prefC); free(prefVC);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/38.c

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// 优化版：每个区间长度 k(1..n) 的最大区间价值 max(subarray_max * subarray_min)
+// 算法：最大值笛卡尔树 + 跨越合并（单调两指针），整体显著优于 O(n^2)
+// 说明：对每个树节点 i 及其覆盖段 [l,r]，所有包含 i 的子数组最大值均为 a[i]；
+//       设从 i 向左取 x 个、向右取 y 个，长度 k=x+y+1，区间最小值为 min(Lmin[x], Rmin[y])；
+//       其中 Lmin/Rmin 为以 i 为中心的左/右最小值前后缀。对固定 s=x+y，
+//       利用两指针在可行范围内最大化 min(Lmin[s-y], Rmin[y])，O(lenL+lenR) 完成一次合并。
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef long long ll;
+
+static inline ll minll(ll a, ll b) { return a < b ? a : b; }
+
+// 构建“以最大值为堆”的笛卡尔树。相等值用 <= 弹出以保证唯一性（倾向右侧作为父）。
+// 输出：left child lc，right child rc，parent；返回根下标。
+static int build_cartesian_tree(const ll *a, int n, int *lc, int *rc, int *parent) {
+    int *st = (int*)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int top = 0;
+    int root = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+        int last = 0;
+        while (top > 0 && a[st[top - 1]] <= a[i]) {
+            last = st[--top];
+        }
+        if (top > 0) {
+            rc[st[top - 1]] = i;
+            parent[i] = st[top - 1];
+        } else {
+            root = i;
+            parent[i] = 0;
+        }
+        lc[i] = last;
+        if (last) parent[last] = i;
+        st[top++] = i;
+    }
+    free(st);
+    return root;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    int cap = n + 5;
+    int *dq = (int*)malloc((size_t)cap * sizeof(int));
+    int head = 0, tail = 0, size = 0;
+    char *out = (char*)malloc((size_t)(n * 14 + 1));
+    int pos = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        int op;
+        scanf("%d", &op);
+        if (op == 1) {
+            int x; scanf("%d", &x);
+            head = (head - 1 + cap) % cap;
+            dq[head] = x;
+            ++size;
+        } else if (op == 2) {
+            int x; scanf("%d", &x);
+            dq[tail] = x;
+            tail = (tail + 1) % cap;
+            ++size;
+        } else if (op == 3) {
+            pos += sprintf(out + pos, "%d\n", dq[head]);
+        } else if (op == 4) {
+            int idx = (tail - 1 + cap) % cap;
+            pos += sprintf(out + pos, "%d\n", dq[idx]);
+        } else if (op == 5) {
+            head = (head + 1) % cap;
+            --size;
+        } else if (op == 6) {
+            tail = (tail - 1 + cap) % cap;
+            --size;
+        }
+    }
+    fwrite(out, 1, (size_t)pos, stdout);
+    free(out);
+    free(dq);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/39.c

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2) return 0;
+    int *a = (int*)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) scanf("%d", &a[i]);
+    int *cnt = (int*)calloc((size_t)(m + 1), sizeof(int));
+    int covered = 0;
+    int l = 1;
+    int best_l = 1, best_r = n;
+    int best_len = n;
+    for (int r = 1; r <= n; ++r) {
+        int c = a[r];
+        if (cnt[c] == 0) ++covered;
+        ++cnt[c];
+        if (covered == m) {
+            while (cnt[a[l]] > 1) { --cnt[a[l]]; ++l; }
+            int len = r - l + 1;
+            if (len < best_len || (len == best_len && l < best_l)) {
+                best_len = len; best_l = l; best_r = r;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    printf("%d %d\n", best_l, best_r);
+    free(cnt);
+    free(a);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/4.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+// 递归实现
+long long f_recursive(int n)
+{
+    if (n == 1)
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return n + f_recursive(n - 1);
+}
+
+// 数学公式实现（更高效）
+long long f_formula(long long n)
+{
+    return n * (n + 1) / 2;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    int T;
+    scanf("%d", &T);
+
+    while (T--)
+    {
+        long long n;
+        scanf("%lld", &n);
+
+        // 由于n可能很大（<10^9），使用数学公式更安全
+        printf("%lld\n", f_formula(n));
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/40.c

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#endif
+
+// 二叉树节点定义
+struct BiTNode
+{
+    char data;              // 节点数据
+    struct BiTNode *lchild; // 左子节点
+    struct BiTNode *rchild; // 右子节点
+};
+
+typedef struct BiTNode *BiTree;
+
+// 函数声明
+void CreateBiTree(BiTree *T);     // 创建二叉树
+void PreOrderTraverse(BiTree T);  // 先序遍历
+void InOrderTraverse(BiTree T);   // 中序遍历
+void PostOrderTraverse(BiTree T); // 后序遍历
+void PrintMenu();                 // 打印菜单
+void FreeTree(BiTree T);
+
+int main()
+{
+    // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8,防止中文乱码
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul"); // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);  // 设置控制台输出编码
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);        // 设置控制台输入编码
+#endif
+
+    BiTree T = NULL;
+    int choice;
+
+    printf("=== 链式二叉树遍历系统 (C语言版本) ===\n");
+    printf("请输入先序扩展序列构建二叉树（# 表示空节点，例如 AB#C##D##）：\n");
+    CreateBiTree(&T);
+
+    do
+    {
+        PrintMenu();
+        if (scanf("%d", &choice) != 1)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        switch (choice)
+        {
+        case 1:
+            printf("先序遍历结果: ");
+            PreOrderTraverse(T);
+            printf("\n");
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            printf("中序遍历结果: ");
+            InOrderTraverse(T);
+            printf("\n");
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            printf("后序遍历结果: ");
+            PostOrderTraverse(T);
+            printf("\n");
+            break;
+        case 4:
+            printf("程序已退出。\n");
+            break;
+        default:
+            printf("无效输入，请输入 1~4 之间的数字！\n");
+        }
+    } while (choice != 4);
+
+    FreeTree(T);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// 创建二叉树（先序扩展输入）
+void CreateBiTree(BiTree *T)
+{
+    char ch;
+    if (scanf(" %c", &ch) != 1)
+    {
+        *T = NULL;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (ch == '#')
+    {
+        *T = NULL;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        *T = (struct BiTNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct BiTNode));
+        (*T)->data = ch;
+        (*T)->lchild = NULL;
+        (*T)->rchild = NULL;
+        CreateBiTree(&(*T)->lchild);
+        CreateBiTree(&(*T)->rchild);
+    }
+}
+
+// 先序遍历：根 -> 左 -> 右
+void PreOrderTraverse(BiTree T)
+{
+    if (T != NULL)
+    {
+        printf("%c ", T->data);
+        PreOrderTraverse(T->lchild);
+        PreOrderTraverse(T->rchild);
+    }
+}
+
+// 中序遍历：左 -> 根 -> 右
+void InOrderTraverse(BiTree T)
+{
+    if (T != NULL)
+    {
+        InOrderTraverse(T->lchild);
+        printf("%c ", T->data);
+        InOrderTraverse(T->rchild);
+    }
+}
+
+// 后序遍历：左 -> 右 -> 根
+void PostOrderTraverse(BiTree T)
+{
+    if (T != NULL)
+    {
+        PostOrderTraverse(T->lchild);
+        PostOrderTraverse(T->rchild);
+        printf("%c ", T->data);
+    }
+}
+
+// 打印菜单
+void PrintMenu()
+{
+    printf("\n--- 选择遍历方式 ---\n");
+    printf("1. 先序遍历\n");
+    printf("2. 中序遍历\n");
+    printf("3. 后序遍历\n");
+    printf("4. 退出\n");
+    printf("请输入选择 (1-4): ");
+}
+
+void FreeTree(BiTree T)
+{
+    if (T)
+    {
+        FreeTree(T->lchild);
+        FreeTree(T->rchild);
+        free(T);
+    }
+}

exercise/exercise/41.c

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <direct.h>
+#endif
+
+// 链式二叉树节点结构
+struct BiTNode
+{
+    char data;
+    struct BiTNode *lchild;
+    struct BiTNode *rchild;
+};
+
+// 二叉树指针类型定义
+typedef struct BiTNode *BiTree;
+
+// 函数声明
+void CreateBiTree(BiTree *T);       // 创建二叉树
+void PreOrderTraverse(BiTree T);    // 先序遍历
+void InOrderTraverse(BiTree T);     // 中序遍历
+void PostOrderTraverse(BiTree T);   // 后序遍历
+void LevelOrderTraverse(BiTree T);  // 层次遍历
+int MaxWidth(BiTree T);             // 计算最大宽度
+void PrintMenu();                   // 打印菜单
+void FreeTree(BiTree T);            // 释放二叉树内存
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8,防止中文乱码
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul"); // 设置控制台编码为UTF-8
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);  // 设置控制台输出编码
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);        // 设置控制台输入编码
+#endif
+
+    BiTree T = NULL;
+    int choice;
+
+    printf("=== 链式二叉树遍历系统 (C语言非递归) ===\n");
+    printf("请输入先序扩展序列构建二叉树（# 表示空节点，例如 AB#C##D##）：\n");
+    CreateBiTree(&T);
+
+    do
+    {
+        PrintMenu();
+        if (scanf("%d", &choice) != 1)
+        {
+            printf("无效输入，请输入1~6之间的数字！\n");
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        switch (choice)
+        {
+        case 1:
+            printf("先序遍历结果: ");
+            PreOrderTraverse(T);
+            printf("\n");
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            printf("中序遍历结果: ");
+            InOrderTraverse(T);
+            printf("\n");
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            printf("后序遍历结果: ");
+            PostOrderTraverse(T);
+            printf("\n");
+            break;
+        case 4:
+            printf("层次遍历结果: ");
+            LevelOrderTraverse(T);
+            printf("\n");
+            break;
+        case 5:
+            printf("程序已退出。\n");
+            break;
+        case 6:
+            printf("最大宽度: %d\n", MaxWidth(T));
+            break;
+        default:
+            printf("无效输入，请输入 1~6 之间的数字！\n");
+        }
+    } while (choice != 5);
+
+    FreeTree(T);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// 创建二叉树（先序扩展输入）
+void CreateBiTree(BiTree *T)
+{
+    char ch;
+    if (scanf(" %c", &ch) != 1)
+    {
+        *T = NULL;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (ch == '#')
+    {
+        *T = NULL;
+        return;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        *T = (struct BiTNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct BiTNode));
+        (*T)->data = ch;
+        (*T)->lchild = NULL;
+        (*T)->rchild = NULL;
+        CreateBiTree(&(*T)->lchild);
+        CreateBiTree(&(*T)->rchild);
+    }
+}
+
+// 先序遍历：根 -> 左 -> 右
+void PreOrderTraverse(BiTree T)
+{
+    if (!T)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    // 栈初始化,用栈来显性表示递归时的函数调用
+    int cap = 128, top = 0;
+    BiTree *st = (BiTree *)malloc(sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+    st[top++] = T;
+
+    while (top)
+    {
+        BiTree p = st[--top];
+        printf("%c ", p->data);
+        if (p->rchild)
+        {
+            if (top >= cap)
+            {
+                cap *= 2;
+                st = (BiTree *)realloc(st, sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+            }
+            st[top++] = p->rchild;
+        }
+        if (p->lchild)
+        {
+            if (top >= cap)
+            {
+                cap *= 2;
+                st = (BiTree *)realloc(st, sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+            }
+            st[top++] = p->lchild;
+        }
+    }
+    free(st);
+}
+
+// 中序遍历：左 -> 根 -> 右
+void InOrderTraverse(BiTree T)
+{
+    int cap = 128, top = 0;
+    BiTree *st = (BiTree *)malloc(sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+    BiTree cur = T;
+    while (cur || top)
+    {
+        while (cur)
+        {
+            if (top >= cap)
+            {
+                cap *= 2;
+                st = (BiTree *)realloc(st, sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+            }
+            st[top++] = cur;
+            cur = cur->lchild;
+        }
+        BiTree p = st[--top];
+        printf("%c ", p->data);
+        cur = p->rchild;
+    }
+    free(st);
+}
+
+// 后序遍历：左 -> 右 -> 根
+void PostOrderTraverse(BiTree T)
+{
+    int cap = 128, top = 0;
+    BiTree *st = (BiTree *)malloc(sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+    BiTree cur = T, last = NULL;
+    while (cur || top)
+    {
+        while (cur)
+        {
+            if (top >= cap)
+            {
+                cap *= 2;
+                st = (BiTree *)realloc(st, sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+            }
+            st[top++] = cur;
+            cur = cur->lchild;
+        }
+        BiTree p = st[top - 1];
+        if (p->rchild && last != p->rchild)
+        {
+            cur = p->rchild;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            printf("%c ", p->data);
+            last = p;
+            --top;
+        }
+    }
+    free(st);
+}
+
+// 层次遍历：按层从左到右遍历
+void LevelOrderTraverse(BiTree T)
+{
+    if (!T)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    int cap = 128;
+    BiTree *q = (BiTree *)malloc(sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+    int head = 0, tail = 0;
+    q[tail++] = T;
+    while (head < tail)
+    {
+        BiTree p = q[head++];
+        printf("%c ", p->data);
+        if (p->lchild)
+        {
+            if (tail >= cap)
+            {
+                cap *= 2;
+                q = (BiTree *)realloc(q, sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+            }
+            q[tail++] = p->lchild;
+        }
+        if (p->rchild)
+        {
+            if (tail >= cap)
+            {
+                cap *= 2;
+                q = (BiTree *)realloc(q, sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+            }
+            q[tail++] = p->rchild;
+        }
+    }
+    free(q);
+}
+
+// 计算二叉树的最大宽度
+int MaxWidth(BiTree T)
+{
+    if (!T) return 0;
+    int cap = 128;
+    BiTree *q = (BiTree *)malloc(sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+    int head = 0, tail = 0;
+    int maxw = 0;
+    q[tail++] = T;
+    while (head < tail)
+    {
+        int level_size = tail - head;
+        if (level_size > maxw) maxw = level_size;
+        for (int i = 0; i < level_size; ++i)
+        {
+            BiTree p = q[head++];
+            if (p->lchild)
+            {
+                if (tail >= cap)
+                {
+                    cap *= 2;
+                    q = (BiTree *)realloc(q, sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+                }
+                q[tail++] = p->lchild;
+            }
+            if (p->rchild)
+            {
+                if (tail >= cap)
+                {
+                    cap *= 2;
+                    q = (BiTree *)realloc(q, sizeof(BiTree) * cap);
+                }
+                q[tail++] = p->rchild;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    free(q);
+    return maxw;
+}
+
+// 打印菜单
+void PrintMenu(void)
+{
+    printf("\n--- 选择遍历方式(非递归) ---\n");
+    printf("1. 先序遍历\n");
+    printf("2. 中序遍历\n");
+    printf("3. 后序遍历\n");
+    printf("4. 层次遍历\n");
+    printf("5. 退出\n");
+    printf("6. 最大宽度\n");
+    printf("请输入选择 (1-6): ");
+}
+
+// 释放二叉树内存
+void FreeTree(BiTree T)
+{
+    if (T)
+    {
+        FreeTree(T->lchild);
+        FreeTree(T->rchild);
+        free(T);
+    }
+}

exercise/exercise/42.c

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+// 图的邻接矩阵表示
+typedef struct
+{
+    int n;
+    int directed;
+    int **mat;
+} GraphMat;
+
+// 图的邻接表边的表示
+typedef struct Edge
+{
+    int to;
+    struct Edge *next;
+} Edge;
+
+// 图的邻接表表示
+typedef struct
+{
+    int n;
+    int directed;
+    Edge **head;
+} GraphList;
+
+// 创建邻接矩阵表示的图
+GraphMat GraphMatCreate(int n, int directed)
+{
+    GraphMat g;
+    g.n = n;
+    g.directed = directed;
+    g.mat = (int **)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(int *));
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        g.mat[i] = (int *)calloc((size_t)n, sizeof(int));
+    }
+    return g;
+}
+
+// 添加邻接矩阵表示的图的边
+void GraphMatAddEdge(GraphMat *g, int u, int v)
+{
+    int n = g->n;
+    if (u >= 1 && u <= n && v >= 1 && v <= n)
+    {
+        g->mat[u - 1][v - 1] = 1;
+        if (!g->directed)
+        {
+            g->mat[v - 1][u - 1] = 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// 释放邻接矩阵表示的图
+void GraphMatFree(GraphMat *g)
+{
+    if (g->mat)
+    {
+        for (int i = 0; i < g->n; ++i)
+            free(g->mat[i]);
+        free(g->mat);
+        g->mat = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+// 创建邻接表表示的图
+GraphList GraphListCreate(int n, int directed)
+{
+    GraphList g;
+    g.n = n;
+    g.directed = directed;
+    g.head = (Edge **)calloc((size_t)n + 1, sizeof(Edge *));
+    return g;
+}
+
+// 添加邻接表表示的图的边
+void GraphListAddEdge(GraphList *g, int u, int v)
+{
+    int n = g->n;
+    if (u >= 1 && u <= n && v >= 1 && v <= n)
+    {
+        Edge *e = (Edge *)malloc(sizeof(Edge));
+        e->to = v;
+        e->next = g->head[u];
+        g->head[u] = e;
+        if (!g->directed)
+        {
+            Edge *e2 = (Edge *)malloc(sizeof(Edge));
+            e2->to = u;
+            e2->next = g->head[v];
+            g->head[v] = e2;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// 释放邻接表表示的图
+void GraphListFree(GraphList *g)
+{
+    for (int i = 1; i <= g->n; ++i)
+    {
+        Edge *p = g->head[i];
+        while (p)
+        {
+            Edge *nxt = p->next;
+            free(p);
+            p = nxt;
+        }
+    }
+    free(g->head);
+    g->head = NULL;
+}
+
+// 打印邻接矩阵表示的图
+void PrintMatrix(const GraphMat *g)
+{
+    int n = g->n;
+    printf("邻接矩阵:\n");
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
+        {
+            if (j)
+            {
+                printf(" ");
+            }  
+            printf("%d", g->mat[i][j]);
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+}
+
+// 打印邻接表表示的图
+void PrintList(const GraphList *g)
+{
+    printf("邻接表:\n");
+    for (int i = 1; i <= g->n; ++i)
+    {
+        printf("%d:", i);
+        Edge *p = g->head[i];
+        if (p)
+        {
+            printf(" ");
+        }
+        int first = 1;
+        while (p)
+        {
+            if (!first)
+            {
+                printf(" ");
+            }
+            printf("%d", p->to);
+            first = 0;
+            p = p->next;
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+
+    // 图的顶点数、边数和是否有向
+    int n, m, dir;
+    printf("请输入图的顶点数、边数和是否有向(0:无向, 1:有向): ");
+    if (scanf("%d %d %d", &n, &m, &dir) != 3)
+    {
+        printf("输入错误\n");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (n <= 0 || m < 0 || (dir != 0 && dir != 1))
+    {
+        printf("输入错误\n");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // 创建邻接矩阵表示的图和邻接表表示的图
+    GraphMat gm = GraphMatCreate(n, dir);
+    GraphList gl = GraphListCreate(n, dir);
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        int u, v;
+        if (scanf("%d %d", &u, &v) != 2)
+        {
+            printf("输入错误\n");
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // 添加邻接矩阵表示的图的边和邻接表表示的图的边
+        GraphMatAddEdge(&gm, u, v);
+        GraphListAddEdge(&gl, u, v);
+    }
+
+    // 打印邻接矩阵表示的图和邻接表表示的图
+    PrintMatrix(&gm);
+    PrintList(&gl);
+
+    // 释放邻接矩阵表示的图和邻接表表示的图 
+    GraphMatFree(&gm);
+    GraphListFree(&gl);
+
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/43.c

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+// 图的边的表示
+typedef struct
+{
+    int u, v;
+    int w;
+} Edge;
+
+// 边的比较函数，用于排序
+static int cmp_edge(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+    int wa = ((const Edge *)a)->w;
+    int wb = ((const Edge *)b)->w;
+    return (wa > wb) - (wa < wb);
+}
+
+// 并查集的查找函数
+static int find(int *parent, int x)
+{
+    if (parent[x] == x)
+    {
+        return x;
+    }
+    return parent[x] = find(parent, parent[x]);
+}
+
+// 并查集的合并函数
+static void unite(int *parent, int *sz, int a, int b)
+{
+    if (sz[a] < sz[b])
+    {
+        int t = a;
+        a = b;
+        b = t;
+    }
+    parent[b] = a;
+    sz[a] += sz[b];
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+
+    // 读取图的边数和节点数
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2)
+    {
+        printf("输入错误\n");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // 读取图的边
+    Edge *e = (Edge *)malloc((size_t)m * sizeof(Edge));
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        int u, v, w;
+        scanf("%d %d %d", &u, &v, &w);
+        e[i].u = u;
+        e[i].v = v;
+        e[i].w = w;
+    }
+
+    // 初始化并查集
+    int *parent = (int *)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    int *sz = (int *)malloc((size_t)(n + 1) * sizeof(int));
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
+    {
+        parent[i] = i;
+        sz[i] = 1;
+    }
+
+    // 对边按权重排序
+    qsort(e, (size_t)m, sizeof(Edge), cmp_edge);
+
+    // 最小生成树的计算
+    long long ans = 0;
+    int cnt = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < m && cnt < n - 1; ++i)
+    {
+        // 跳过无效的边
+        int u = e[i].u, v = e[i].v;
+        if (u < 1 || u > n || v < 1 || v > n)
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // 检查是否形成环
+        int ru = find(parent, u), rv = find(parent, v);
+        if (ru != rv)
+        {
+            ans += e[i].w;
+            unite(parent, sz, ru, rv);
+            ++cnt;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 检查是否所有节点都在最小生成树中
+    if (cnt == n - 1)
+    {
+        printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        printf("impossible\n");
+    }
+
+    free(sz);
+    free(parent);
+    free(e);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/44.c

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+// 邻接矩阵存储图
+typedef struct
+{
+    int vexnum;
+    int **arcs;
+} AMGraphStruct;
+typedef AMGraphStruct *AMGraph;
+
+// 定义最大顶点数和最大边权值
+#define MaxInt 99999   // 最大边权值，用于初始化距离数组
+#define MAXN 1005      // 最大顶点数
+static bool S[MAXN];   // S[i]为true表示顶点i已加入集合S，否则未加入
+static int D[MAXN];    // D[i]为v0到顶点i的当前最短路径长度
+static int Path[MAXN]; // Path[i]为v0到顶点i的最短路径上的前驱顶点
+
+// Dijkstra算法求最短路径
+void ShortestPath_DIJ(AMGraph G, int v0)
+{
+    // 初始化
+    int n, i, v, w; // n为顶点数，i为循环变量，v为当前顶点，w为邻接顶点
+    int min;
+    n = G->vexnum;
+    for (v = 0; v < n; ++v)
+    {
+        S[v] = false;
+        D[v] = G->arcs[v0][v];
+        if (D[v] < MaxInt)
+        {
+            Path[v] = v0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Path[v] = -1;
+        }
+    }
+    S[v0] = true;
+    D[v0] = 0;
+
+    // 主循环，每次求得v0到某个顶点的最短路径，并将该顶点加入集合S
+    for (i = 1; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        // 在V-S中选择距离v0最近的顶点u
+        min = MaxInt;
+        for (w = 0; w < n; ++w)
+        {
+            if (!S[w] && D[w] < min)
+            {
+                v = w;
+                min = D[w];
+            }
+        }
+        S[v] = true;
+
+        // 修改当前最短路径及距离
+        for (w = 0; w < n; ++w)
+        {
+            if (!S[w] && (D[v] + G->arcs[v][w] < D[w]))
+            {
+                D[w] = D[v] + G->arcs[v][w];
+                Path[w] = v;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+
+    // 输入顶点数和边数
+    printf("请输入顶点数n和边数m：");
+    int n, m;
+    if (scanf("%d %d", &n, &m) != 2)
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // 初始化邻接矩阵
+    AMGraph g = (AMGraph)malloc(sizeof(*g));
+    g->vexnum = n;
+    g->arcs = (int **)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(int *));
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        g->arcs[i] = (int *)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(int));
+        for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
+        {
+            g->arcs[i][j] = (i == j) ? 0 : MaxInt;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 输入边信息
+    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
+    {
+        printf("请输入第%d条边的顶点x、y和边权z：", i + 1);
+        int x, y, z;
+        if (scanf("%d %d %d", &x, &y, &z) != 3)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (x >= 1 && x <= n && y >= 1 && y <= n)
+        {
+            if (z < g->arcs[x - 1][y - 1])
+            {
+                g->arcs[x - 1][y - 1] = z;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 调用Dijkstra算法
+    ShortestPath_DIJ(g, 0);
+    if (D[n - 1] >= MaxInt)
+    {
+        printf("从顶点0到顶点%d不存在路径\n", n - 1);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        printf("从顶点0到顶点%d的最短路径长度为：%d\n", n - 1, D[n - 1]);
+    }
+
+    // 释放内存
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        free(g->arcs[i]);
+    }
+    free(g->arcs);
+    free(g);
+
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/45.c

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+int main(void)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    long long *a = (long long*)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(long long));
+    long long sum = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { scanf("%lld", &a[i]); sum += a[i]; }
+    long long avg = sum / n;
+
+    long long *s = (long long*)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(long long));
+    long long cur = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { cur += a[i] - avg; s[i] = cur; }
+
+    long long *t = (long long*)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(long long));
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) t[i] = s[i];
+    int cmp(const void *x, const void *y) {
+        long long ux = *(const long long*)x, uy = *(const long long*)y;
+        return (ux > uy) - (ux < uy);
+    }
+    qsort(t, (size_t)n, sizeof(long long), cmp);
+    long long med = t[n/2];
+
+    long long ans = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        long long d = s[i] - med; if (d < 0) d = -d; ans += d;
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+
+    free(t);
+    free(s);
+    free(a);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/46.c

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef struct { long long w, s; long long key; } Man;
+
+static int cmp(const void *a, const void *b) {
+    const Man *x = (const Man*)a, *y = (const Man*)b;
+    if (x->key < y->key) return -1;
+    if (x->key > y->key) return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int n;
+    if (scanf("%d", &n) != 1) return 0;
+    Man *a = (Man*)malloc((size_t)n * sizeof(Man));
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        long long w, s;
+        scanf("%lld %lld", &w, &s);
+        a[i].w = w; a[i].s = s; a[i].key = w + s;
+    }
+    qsort(a, (size_t)n, sizeof(Man), cmp);
+    long long pref = 0, ans = -((long long)1<<62);
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        long long risk = pref - a[i].s;
+        if (risk > ans) ans = risk;
+        pref += a[i].w;
+    }
+    printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    free(a);
+    return 0;
+}

exercise/exercise/47.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+int main(void)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    system("chcp 65001 > nul");
+    SetConsoleOutputCP(65001);
+    SetConsoleCP(65001);
+#endif
+    int T;
+    if (scanf("%d", &T) != 1) return 0;
+    while (T--)
+    {
+        long long n;
+        if (scanf("%lld", &n) != 1) return 0;
+        long long ans;
+        if ((n & 1LL) == 0)
+        {
+            if (n == 2) ans = -1;
+            else ans = n / 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (n < 9 || n == 11) ans = -1;
+            else ans = (n - 9) / 4 + 1;
+        }
+        printf("%lld\n", ans);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}