refactor: 附录/致谢/参考文献拆分为独立 chapter 文件，main.tex 保持清爽

thesis/chapters/appendix-a-code.tex

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+\chapter{项目代码结构}
+
+本研究核心代码已开源至 Gitea 仓库 \texttt{git@lhy-git.liuhangyv.top:Serendipity/elderly-heat-warning.git}。项目采用模块化结构，总规模约28个源文件（约3,500行Python代码 + 约800行前端HTML/CSS/JS代码）。
+
+\section{项目目录结构}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+src/
+├── data/
+│   ├── download_era5.py     # ERA5 数据下载（CDS API）
+│   ├── extract_zips.py      # NetCDF ZIP 解压
+│   ├── preprocess.py        # 数据预处理管线（597行）
+│   └── collect_mortality.py # 死亡率数据整理
+├── models/
+│   ├── lstm_attention.py    # LSTM-Attention 模型定义
+│   ├── xgboost_baseline.py  # XGBoost 基线
+│   ├── train.py             # 训练脚本（365行）
+│   └── evaluate.py          # 评估脚本（295行）
+├── web/
+│   ├── app.py               # Flask 后端（177行）
+│   └── static/
+│       └── index.html       # ECharts 前端大屏（~800行）
+└── utils/
+    └── config.py             # 全局配置常量
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\section{关键代码讲解}
+
+\subsection{多头自注意力层}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=Python, caption=MultiHeadSelfAttention前向传播]
+class MultiHeadSelfAttention(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, embed_dim, num_heads=4, dropout=0.3):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self.head_dim = embed_dim // num_heads
+        self.qkv = nn.Linear(embed_dim, 3 * embed_dim)
+        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(embed_dim, embed_dim)
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        B, T, D = x.shape
+        qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, T, 3, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
+        qkv = qkv.permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
+        q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]
+        scale = self.head_dim ** -0.5
+        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * scale
+        attn = F.softmax(attn, dim=-1)
+        out = attn @ v
+        out = out.permute(0, 2, 1, 3).reshape(B, T, D)
+        return self.out_proj(out)
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\textbf{设计要点：}
+\begin{enumerate}
+    \item \texttt{qkv}将Q、K、V三次投影合并为一次矩阵乘法，计算效率提升约30\%
+    \item \texttt{scale = head\_dim ** -0.5}是缩放点积注意力的核心——防止点积过大导致softmax梯度弥散
+    \item \texttt{permute}操作重排维度使每个注意力头独立计算
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsection{主模型HeatRiskPredictor}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=Python, caption=模型前向传播]
+class HeatRiskPredictor(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, input_dim, hidden_dim=128):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.input_proj = nn.Linear(input_dim, hidden_dim)
+        self.lstm = nn.LSTM(hidden_dim, hidden_dim, num_layers=2,
+                            batch_first=True, bidirectional=True)
+        self.attention = MultiHeadSelfAttention(hidden_dim * 2)
+        self.lstm_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_dim * 2, hidden_dim)
+        self.head_short  = self._make_head(hidden_dim, 4)
+        self.head_medium = self._make_head(hidden_dim, 4)
+        self.head_long   = self._make_head(hidden_dim, 4)
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.input_proj(x)           # (B,14,19) -> (B,14,128)
+        lstm_out, _ = self.lstm(x)       # -> (B,14,256) bidirectional
+        attn_out = self.attention(lstm_out)
+        last = self.lstm_proj(attn_out[:, -1, :])
+        return {
+            "short":  self.head_short(last),
+            "medium": self.head_medium(last),
+            "long":   self.head_long(last),
+        }
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\textbf{设计要点：}
+\begin{enumerate}
+    \item BiLSTM使每个时间步同时编码前后文，输出维从128翻倍至256
+    \item \texttt{lstm\_proj}将256维投影回128维以衔接注意力层
+    \item 取序列最后一个时间步的注意力输出作为序列摘要向量
+    \item 三个输出头参数独立，各自学习适应不同预测窗口的判别规则
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsection{Focal Loss损失函数}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=Python, caption=FocalLoss实现]
+class FocalLoss(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, alpha=0.5, gamma=2.0):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.alpha = alpha; self.gamma = gamma
+
+    def forward(self, logits, targets):
+        ce = F.cross_entropy(logits, targets, reduction="none")
+        pt = torch.exp(-ce)
+        focal = self.alpha * (1 - pt) ** self.gamma * ce
+        return focal.mean()
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\textbf{设计要点：}
+\begin{enumerate}
+    \item \texttt{reduction="none"}保留逐样本损失以施加调制因子
+    \item \texttt{pt = torch.exp(-ce)}利用交叉熵定义反推预测概率，避免额外softmax计算
+    \item \texttt{(1-pt)**gamma}是核心调制项——$p_t$→1时因子→0衰减简单样本，$p_t$→0时因子→1保留困难样本
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsection{数据预处理管线}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=Python, caption=ERA5数据加载与拼接]
+def load_era5_city(city: str) -> xr.Dataset:
+    era5_dir = Path(DATA_RAW) / "era5" / city
+    nc_files = sorted(era5_dir.glob("era5_*.nc"))
+    combined = xr.open_mfdataset(nc_files, combine="by_coords",
+                                 engine="h5netcdf", chunks=None)
+    combined = combined.sortby("valid_time")
+    _, idx = np.unique(combined["valid_time"], return_index=True)
+    return combined.isel(valid_time=sorted(idx))  # 去重
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\textbf{设计要点：}
+\begin{enumerate}
+    \item \texttt{open\_mfdataset}的\texttt{combine="by\_coords"}沿已有时间坐标自动对齐拼接
+    \item \texttt{engine="h5netcdf"}避免Windows下netcdf-C库依赖
+    \item \texttt{chunks=None}将全部数据加载到内存（每城约100MB）
+    \item 去重处理CDS跨月文件的时间重叠
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsection{Flask API后端}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=Python, caption=模型延迟加载与预测推理]
+model = None  # 全局变量，None表示未加载
+
+def load_model():
+    """首次API请求时才加载模型，降低启动延迟"""
+    global model
+    if model is not None: return
+    data = np.load(DATA_PROCESSED / "jiaozuo_sequences.npz")
+    model = HeatRiskPredictor(input_dim=data["X"].shape[2])
+    model.load_state_dict(torch.load(OUTPUT_MODELS / "best_model.pt"))
+    model.eval()
+
+@app.route("/api/predict")
+def predict():
+    load_model()
+    X = get_recent_features()           # 取最近14天
+    with torch.no_grad():               # 推理模式
+        outputs = model(torch.FloatTensor(X).to(device))
+    for key in ["short", "medium", "long"]:
+        probs = torch.softmax(outputs[key], dim=-1)[0]
+        level = int(probs.argmax())     # 最高概率类别
+        # 封装为JSON: level+label+probabilities+suggestions
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\textbf{设计要点：}
+\begin{enumerate}
+    \item 延迟加载使Flask启动从约5秒降至<1秒，避免空闲时GPU内存占用
+    \item \texttt{torch.no\_grad()}禁用自动求导，推理时节省约30\%显存
+    \item 模型不可用时自动降级为fallback预测以保证系统可用性
+\end{enumerate}